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(共26張PPT)
Unit 4
Breaking
boundaries
Using language
It as an empty subject
BY MICHELLE
Look at the sentences and answer the questions. Sentences (a) and (c) are from the reading passage.
1 What does “it” refer to in sentences (a) and (c)
2 Why does the author choose to use sentences (a) and (c) instead of (b) and (d)
a But it is vital not to take any chances.
b But not to take any chances is vital.
c It is important to remember that Ebola doesn’t respect national boundaries.
d To remember that Ebola doesn’t respect national boundaries is important.
The first sentences in each group use “it” as an empty subject at the beginning of the sentences. The reason why sentences (a) and (c) are chosen is that the sentences are kept balanced and the key information of the sentences is emphasised.
Now look for more sentences with this structure in the reading passage, and summarise its use in your own words.
I felt it was my duty as a doctor to go there and offer my help.
It is so inspiring to have colleagues like Wilton, Maisy and Alfonso, ...
..., it is absolutely essential for us all to collaborate to create a global community with a shared future of peace and prosperity.
It as an empty subject
It 作形式主語
通常it作為形式主語，在句中沒有實際意義，只是滿足語法需要，起到一個平衡句子結構，避免句子頭重腳輕的作用。
概念
把下列的句子變成用it的形式主語句。
1. To say goodbye is difficult for me.
It is difficult for me to say goodbye .
2. Playing too many computer games is a waste of time.
It is a waste of time playing too many computer games.
It is obvious that he is clever.
3.That he is clever is obvious.
It as an empty subject
It 作形式主語
類型
通常it代替不定時、動名詞、從句充當主語，起到一個平衡句子結構，避免句子頭重腳輕的作用。
類型
1. 代表不定式
(1) It + be + 形容詞 + 不定式
It is difficult to translate the book.
(2) It + be + 名詞 + 不定式
It was her duty to clean the room.
(3) It + be + 介詞短語 + 不定式
It was against my principle to do that.
(4) It + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 不定式
It cost 150 yuan to buy the dress.
在“It＋be＋形容詞＋for/of sb.to do sth.”句型
中，如果形容詞描述的是sb.，則應用介詞of；
如果描述的是to do sth.就用for。
It's necessary for us to use a short wave radio to pick up the programmes.
我們用一臺短波收音機收聽這些節目是必要的。
It was foolish of him to give up the job.
他放棄那工作是愚蠢的。
類型
2. 代表動名詞
it 代表動名詞時，一般以“be + 名詞”作謂語，也可以以“be + 形容詞”作謂語。常限于no good, no use, useless, waste等詞的后面。
It is no good/ use having a car if you can't drive.
It is a waste of time watching TV
It is no use asking him.
類型
3. 代表從句
It + be + ……從句，具體可以分為四種類型：
（1）it + be + 形容詞 + 從句
It is clear that he told a lie.
（2）it + be + 名詞 + 從句
It is a pity that you can't come.
（3）it + 動詞的被動語態 + 從句
It is said that he is friendly.
（4）it + be/其他系動詞 + 從句
It may seem that you’re wasting your life away.
It as an empty subject
It 作形式主語
句型
It is clear / obvious / true / possible / certain / … that…
It is important / necessary/ right / strange / natural / …that… (should) do…
It is said / reported / learnt / …that…
It is suggested / ordered / required /…that... (should) do...
It is a pity / shame / …that…
It happens / seems / looks /appears /…that…
It as an empty subject
It 作形式主語
句型
It + be + adj. + of sb + to do…
It + be + adj. + for sb + to do
① It is kind of you to think so much of us.
② It's nice of you to help me.
③ It's dangerous for us to swim in such deep pool.
④ It's necessary for us to study hard.
形容詞為描述人品質及性格特征的詞。常用的形容詞有clever/
foolish/good/
nice/polite/kind等。
形容詞為描述事物特征的詞，常用的形容詞有difficult / important / easy / hard/ necessary/ impossible/ dangerous等。
It as an empty subject
It 作形式主語
句型
It doesn’t matter whether / if …
It looks /seems as if …
It takes …(some time) to do…
It + be + a waste of time doing…
It is/was no good/use doing…
It is/was worth/worthwhile doing…
用法
類型
it作為形式主語，代替句子的邏輯主語，并無實際詞義。這可以保持句子的結構平衡，避免主語太長，顯得頭重腳輕。
it作形式主語
It指代不定式
It指代動名詞
It指代從句
Rewrite the underlined parts using it as an empty subject.
it is no longer quite so difficult for women and minorities to get roles in American film and television
it is now a more realistic hope for minority actors to become a leading actor in Hollywood
it is more common than before for women to write and direct Hollywood films
it is seen as acceptable by film studios to cast white actors as Asian characters
Describe the city using the information provided and it as an empty subject.
Beijing today is multicultural. It is not a surprising thing for students to see different skin colours in the same class.
It is possible for people to hear many different languages and dialects.
It is easy for people to find products from all over the world.
It is not difficult for foreigners to settle down and find a job.
It is a common thing for people from different countries to work in the same company.
Describe one of the cities using it as an empty subject where appropriate. Do online research if necessary.
Toronto
Shanghai
London
Sydney
The global village
Read the passage and answer the questions. Pay attention to the expressions in bold.
What phenomenon does the passage describe
What effect does technology have on cultural exchange
It describes the phenomenon of the “global village” as related to the promotion of technological and cultural exchange.
Technology enables us to form close connections with people of completely different cultures and gives us quick and easy access to other cultures and lifestyles.
Complete the letter with the correct form of the expressions.
bringing people together　channels of communication　form close connections with
window on the world　be more inclusive　culture shock　a joint effort　mutual benefits
culture shock
form close connections with
a joint effort
mutual benefits
bring people together
window on the world
be more inclusive
Listen to the conversation and choose the main idea.
1　More and more foreign words and expressions are entering the English language, especially those about food.
2　Chinese food is popular in the UK, and many Chinese words and expressions are entering English dictionaries as a result.
3　Intercultural communication is increasing, and people all over the world have a better understanding of each other.
4　World sports are bringing people together in the same way that food is.
Listen again and complete the table.
Phenomena Examples
More and more 1_______________________ into dictionaries these days. From Devon: grockle
From Chinese: wok, chow mein, 2________ and chop suey
Besides words, changes also happen to 3____________________________________. In a large Asian supermarket, there are 4_______________ from Asia.
There are 5____________________ in the male speaker’s city, such as 6_________________________________.
Many European people can 7_______________.
Sports also play an important role in 8_________________. It is not a surprise to see 9___________________________ while watching the UEFA Champions League live and not unusual to find people enjoying 10____________________ _____________ on the other side of the world.
regional words are making it
wonton
the food we now find in shops and restaurants
all kinds of foods
a lot of other restaurants
Italian，French and Japanese restaurants
use chopsticks
connecting people
people in Britain eating Chinese food
pizza while watching
the same game
Complete the boxes with the expressions from the conversation.
Really
That’s interesting.
Is it really
It is really amazing...
I also find it interesting to see...
No wonder it isn’t a surprise to see...
It is not unusual to find...
Showing interest
Describing a common phenomenon
Really
That’s interesting.
Is it really
It is really amazing...
I also find it interesting to see...
No wonder it isn’t a surprise to see...
It is not unusual to find...
Work in pairs. Talk about another phenomenon of the global village using the expressions in this section.
Review It as an empty subject.
Work in groups to talk about another phenomenon of the global village using the expressions in this section.
THANKS FOR WATCHING

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