資源簡介

(共65張PPT)
Unit 5
Into the unknown
Starting out & Understanding ideas
BY MICHELLE
Starting out
01
Some natural phenomena are really amazing. What natural phenomena are you familiar with
the earthquake
the mirage
the solar eclipse
thunder and lightning
What do you know more about them
Watch the video and answer the questions.
What natural phenomena are mentioned
How were these explained in the past What are the scientific explanations behind them
What natural phenomena are mentioned
The earth-quake, the solar eclipse, thunder and lightning, the mirage.
The earth-quake
The ancient people’s explanations
The modern scientific explanations
Native Americans used to believe that earthquakes were caused by a struggle between a large bird, called the Thunderbird, and a whale. An ancient Japanese belief was that earthquakes were caused by the movements of a giant catfish that carried the world on its back.
Scientists now know that earthquakes are actually caused by the movement of tectonic plates.
The solar eclipse
The ancient people’s explanations
The modern scientific explanations
In many cultures, there were ancient beliefs that solar eclipses were caused by a creature eating the sun. In Vietnam, that creature was a giant frog. In Norway, a wolf, and in China, it was a huge dog.
In fact, solar eclipses happen when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun temporarily blocking the Sun’s light.
Thunder and lightning
The ancient people’s explanations
The modern scientific explanations
In Medieval Europe, people thought that supernatural forces caused it, which was a sign of bad times ahead.
Modern science tells us that lightning is an electric charge moving between clouds and the earth. Thunder is a shock wave of sound caused by lightning.
The mirage
The ancient people’s explanations
The modern scientific explanations
In Ancient China, people believed that this was actually caused by the breath of a dragon.
These days, people know that a mirage happens when layers of air with varying temperatures caused light to bend.
Look at the pictures and answer the questions.
What do you know about these mysteries
What other unsolved mysteries do you know of
Which of these do you most want to investigate
Atlantis
Atlantis is a legendary city, which is described in the work of the Greek philosopher Plato. The story of Atlantis with its fabulously wealthy and advanced civilisation which was swept into the sea to be lost for ever has captured the imagination of readers for over two millennia.
Nazca lines
The Nazca Lines are a collection of giant geometric patterns and animal shapes. Drawn Into the landscapes of southern Peru, the majority of the lines are believed to be the work of the Nazca people around 1AD to 700. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994, numerous studies and theories have so far not explained the reason why the lines were created.
Tunguska event
Tunguska event, enormous explosion that is estimated to have occurred at 7: 14 am plus or minus one minute on 30 June 1908, at an altitude of 5-10 kilometres, flattening some 2,000 square kilometres and charring more than 100 square kilometres of pine forest near thle Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Central Siberia, Russia.
Black hole
A black hole is a region of space-time exhibiting gravitational acceleration so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it.
Understanding
ideas
02
Look at the pictures and answer the questions. Do further research if necessary.
Ancient Greece
Ancient Babylon
Ancient Egypt
What do you know about the ancient civilisations
What might be the reasons behind their collapse
Lead in
What do you know about the ancient civilisations
Ancient Greeks lived over 3,000 years ago. Their civilisations followed a Dark Age in Greece, which is thought to have ended in 800 BCE. For the most part, Ancient Greece was divided into several small city-states, each with their own laws, customs, and rulers. However, in the 300s BCE, these small city-states were forced to unite under one ruler: Alexander the Great. He was the founder of the Ancient Greek Empire, which stretched into Europe, Egypt, and South-West Asia.
What do you know about the ancient civilisations
Ancient Babylon is one of the most powerful and important cities of ancient Mesopotamia. The ancient civilisation of Babylon is regarded as the earliest cradle of civilisation by historians. It was the capital city of 10 Mesopotamian dynasties and was conquered by a host of invaders who were probably drawn to this splendid city for its fertile land, rich culture, inventive people and architectural marvels like the Hanging Gardens. The ancient Babylonian Civilisation is also considered as the cradle where literature, science and writing flourished.
What do you know about the ancient civilisations
Ancient Egypt for almost 30 centuries — from its unification around 3100 BCE to its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE — was the preeminent civilisation in the Mediterranean world. From the great pyramids of the Old Kingdom through the military conquests of the New Kingdom, Egypt’s majesty has long entranced archaeologists and historians and created a vibrant field of study all its own: Egyptology.
What might be the reasons
behind their collapse
Ancient Greeks
Reasons for decline of Ancient Greece: In the second half of the 5th century BC, signs of weakening of the Greek society appeared, due to the slave exploit, the pasteurization of the small producers etc. One of the main reasons for the fall of ancient Greece was the lack of unity.
Ancient Babylon
The fall of Babylon is a historical event that occurred in 539 BCE. This event saw the conquest of Babylon by the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great and marked the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
Ancient Egypt
This period of extended economic and political unrest and devastating climate changes, ended with Egypt losing sovereignty over most of its territory and becoming a province within the vast Persian Empire. With hundreds of thousands of its people dead, the Egyptian public was increasingly hostile towards with both their political and their religious leaders.
What other ancient civilisations do you know of Share what you know with the class.
Aegean Civilisation
Ancient Rome
Maya Civilisation
Watch the video about the Maya and share what you know about the mysterious culture.
Pre-reading
The Maya is a Mesoamerican (中美洲) civilisation, famous for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as for its art, architecture, and maths and astronomical systems. Originally established during the Pre-Classic period (2000 BCE to 250 AD), many Maya cities reached their highest state of development until the arrival of the Spanish. The Maya civilisation expanded throughout the present-day southern Mexican states and the northern Central American region, including the present-day nations of Guatemala, Belize, and Western Honduras.
Read the passage and find out the possible reasons for the disappearance of Maya civilisation.
The Mysteries of
THE MAYA
What is the genre of the passage
While-reading
Expository writing.
(to explain/clarify/ expose)
Read for structure.
In what aspects does the writer explain the mysteries of the Maya Use key words to summarise each paragraph.
An incredible discovery
Human causes
Achievements
Decline
Natural causes
Ending
Choose the topic sentences and write them on the lines to complete the passage.
a. Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery
in the 19th century.
b. But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon
most of their great cities.
c. Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars, it shows how
powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people.
d. Research also suggests that those natural disasters may have led to the
decline of the Maya.
e. Meanwhile, the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us
thinking about our own past, present and future.
f. Some research seems to indicate that the Maya people themselves may
have played a part in their downfall.
Ways to achieve cohesion:
Reference 指代
Lexical cohesion 詞匯銜接
Conjunction 連接
Read for details.
Introduce the topic.
The achievements of Maya civilisation.
The decline of Maya civilisation.
The reasons for the disappearance of Maya Civilisation.
The reasons for the disappearance of Maya Civilisation.
The mysteries of Maya Civilisation remain to be solved.
The mysteries of the Maya
Para. 1 : Introduce the topic.
Para. 2 : The ____________ of Maya civilisation.
Para. 3 : The __________ of Maya civilisation.
Para. 4-5 : The _______ for the disappearance of Maya Civilisation.
Para. 4 : _________
causes
Para. 5 : _________
causes
Para. 6 : The mysteries of Maya Civilisation remain to be _______.
achievements
decline
reasons
human
natural
solved
MAYA CIVILISATION
Time
around 1800 BC to 1100 AD
Location
From 1_________ to 2___________________
Organise information from the passage and complete the file of Maya civilisation.
Mexico
Central America
MAYA CIVILISATION
Possible reasons for collapse
1 human causes — reduced the ability to deal with 3_________________
4_________________________
5_________________________
huge expansion of the 6____________
2 natural causes — a series of 7___________ between 700 AD and 1000 AD, each 8_________________________
natural disasters
turning wetlands into fields
digging huge canal systems
population
droughts
lasting for a couple of years
The way that the Maya people changed the landscape around them may have been one of the reasons behind the disappearance of their civilisation. Turning wetlands into fields for growing grains, digging huge canal systems and cutting down more trees for construction reduced their ability to cope with natural disasters. When those natural disasters, such as droughts, stuck, the Maya would have faced food shortages, conflicts and, eventually, the downfall of their cities.
Complete the cultural comparison with information from the passage.
mathematics
calendar
writing system
disappeared
wheels, metal tools or even animal power
Post-reading
What is the author’s purpose in starting the passage with the story about William Gadoury
What other things do you think could destroy a civilisation Share an example with the class.
What lessons can you learn from the collapse of Maya civilisation How can this information help the development of today’s society
Which of the arguments in the passage did you find the most convincing Give your reasons.
What is the author’s purpose in starting the passage with the story about William Gadoury
The story about William Gadoury shows how the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation have captured people’s imaginations.
What other things do you think could destroy a civilisation Share an example with the class.
Stephen Hawking thought 3 things could destroy humanity: AI, human aggression and alien life.
Firstly, Hawking is fiercely wary of strong artificial intelligence (AI); Hawking strongly believes AI that exudes intelligence equal to or exceeding that of a human could destroy the human race and was one of many scientists who wrote an open letter warning of the risks (as well as the benefits) of AI.
Hawking has also issued a stark warning about the potential cataclysmic effects of human aggression. Hawking believes our aggressive nature could result in catastrophic events that could end human civilisation, such as a major nuclear war that could end all civilisation and extinct the human race.
Last but not least, Hawking has expressed concerns about alien life. Hawking believes that if intelligent alien life does indeed exist, it likely won’t be friendly towards humans, and could aim at conquering and colonizing whatever planets they visit.
What lessons can you learn from the collapse of Maya civilisation How can this information help the development of today’s society
less destruction on the environment
controlling of population expansion
planting more trees
awareness of environmental protection
fewer conflicts between cities
living harmoniously with nature
ability to deal with natural disasters
...
Which of the arguments in the passage did you find the most convincing Give your reasons.
The decline of the Mayan population was closely tied to rapid deforestation coupled with the soil erosion. The Mayans burned and chopped down their forests in order to clear land for agriculture and also to acquire wood for the elaborate construction of their cities (Stromberg). Deforestation in Central American still remains extremely problematic today.
In Honduras, it is estimated that up to 85% of timber which is cut down is threat to biodiversity, leading birds, animals and plants to lose their natural habitats. The world’s forests are one big carbon sink, storing and locking away carbon dioxide avoiding its immediate release into the atmosphere. When a tree dies all of the carbon that has been stored away is released back into the atmosphere. If the tree is cut down prematurely, the process is accelerated. Currently global loss of forests is contributing 12-15% of total greenhouse gas emissions.
Language
points
03
Through comparison,he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to the positions of the stars. 通過比較,他發(fā)現(xiàn)已知的117座瑪雅城市的位置與恒星的位置一致。
◆ correspond to相當(dāng)于;與……對應(yīng)
【詞匯拓展】
correspond vt.　　　　　 相一致;相符合;相當(dāng)于;通信
correspond with/to... 與……一致/相符/相類似
correspond with sb 與某人通信
correspondence n. 信件;通信;一致;相似
in correspondence with... 與……通信
I used to correspond with him for three years,but later I lost touch with him.
單句語法填空
(1)We’ve corresponded 　　　　　each other for years but I’ve never actually met him.
(2)Your account of the accident had little 　 　　　　(correspond) with the story the other driver told.
with
correspondence
Based on this,he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle. 基于這個(gè),他認(rèn)為他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)不為人知深埋在叢林中的瑪雅城市。
◆ bury v.將……埋在下面;使沉浸;隱藏;使專心
【詞匯拓展】
be buried in=bury oneself in　　　 埋頭于;專心于
bury one’s face in one’s hands 雙手掩面
My father was buried in his newspaper. 我父親專心致志地看他的報(bào)紙。
He buried himself in his detective story again. 他又沉浸在他的偵探故事里了。
用bury的適當(dāng)形式填空
(1)　　　　　 in his study,he wasn’t aware that all the others had left.
(2)　　　　　 his face in his hands,he tried to control his weeping.
句式升級
He sat at a wooden table and was buried in reading.
→(3)He sat at a wooden table,　　　　　 in reading.(過去分詞短語作狀語)
→(4)He sat at a wooden table,　　　　　 himself in reading.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語)
Buried　
Burying
buried
burying
They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar,which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year. 他們把這一理解應(yīng)用到瑪雅歷法中,精確到每年(誤差)不超過30秒。
◆ apply...to...把……應(yīng)用到……
【詞匯拓展】
apply vt. 涂;應(yīng)用/ vi. 申請;請求;使用
apply oneself to 致力于;集中精力于 apply to... 適應(yīng)/適用……
apply (to...) for... (向……)申請…… applicant n. 申請人
application n. 申請;請求;應(yīng)用
I should apply for the post if I were you.I think you stand a good chance.
Jack has applied himself to this task with considerable energy.
單句語法填空
(1)If you want to apply 　　　　　a job at the office where I work,I’ll put in a good word for you.
(2)He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure 　　　　　the wounds until the police and ambulance arrived.
(3)I’d appreciate it if you could take my 　　　　　(apply) into account at your convenience.
If you apply yourself to your study,you will pass your exam.
→(4)　　　　　　　　　　　　your study,and you will pass your exam.(升級為祈使句)
→(5)　　　　　　　　　　　your study,you will pass your exam.(升級為動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語)
for　
to
application
Apply yourself to
Applying yourself to
But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities. 最神秘的是是什么導(dǎo)致瑪雅人遺棄了他們大部分的大城市。
◆ abandon v.離棄;逃離
【詞匯拓展】
abandon oneself to... 沉湎于……;縱情于……
abandoned adj. 被遺棄的;放縱的
be abandoned to 沉湎于……
He owned a farm,which looked almost abandoned. 他有一個(gè)農(nóng)場,看上去幾乎廢棄了。
用abandon的適當(dāng)形式填空
(1)Soon they reached an 　　　　　(abandon) temple,where there once lived an old monk.
句式升級
(2)Without worrying about anything,she abandoned herself to a life of pleasure.
→Without worrying about anything,she 　　　　　　　　　　　a life of pleasure.
abandoned
was abandoned to
As their population expanded,yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees for construction. 隨著人口的增加,農(nóng)業(yè)需要更多的土地,建筑需要更多的樹木。
【句式剖析】本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。more land was needed...是主句,as意為“隨著”,引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句。
As he grew up, he knew more and more about nature.
隨著他的成長,他越來越了解大自然。
As time went on, Tom began to realise the importance of study.
隨著時(shí)間的推移,湯姆開始意識到學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。
【句式拓展】
(1)as表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,多強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句中的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生,從句可放在主句前,也可放在主句后。
As I waited at the stop,I heard a big noise.
我在車站等待時(shí)聽到一個(gè)很大的聲響。
(2)as表示“雖然……但是……”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,從句通常用倒裝語序,把從句的表語、狀語或動(dòng)詞原形放在as前面,可以用though替代。
Child as he is,he knows a lot.
雖然他是個(gè)孩子,但他知道的東西很多。
Hard as it was raining,they went on working in the field.
雖然天下著大雨,但他們繼續(xù)在田地里干活。
(3)as表示“按照”“依照”“像”,引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句,從句置于主句之后。
You should do as the teacher tells you.
The house was built exactly as it was designed.
(4)as表示“像……一樣”,引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句,對主句和從句的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)加以比較,說明它們之間有相似之處,在從句中常省略與主句相同的部分。
He doesn’t work as hard as I (do).
(5)as意為“因?yàn)?由于”,引導(dǎo)的是原因狀語從句,通常為附加說明的理由,且是已知曉的原因。
As she was not well,I went there alone.
As he is a tailor,he knows what to do with this material.
因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)裁縫,他知道怎樣利用這塊布料。
寫出下列句中as引導(dǎo)的是哪種從句
(1)I don’t want to set down a series of facts as most people do.
　　　　　　
(2)As they smiled at each other,harmony was restored again.　　　　　　
(3)Many countries are as poor as they have ever been.　　　　　　
(4)As they often play football together,they have got to know each other quite well.　　　　　　
(5)Difficult as the road for these students after graduation will be,their futures are bright.　　　　　　
方式狀語從句
時(shí)間狀語從句　
比較狀語從句
原因狀語從句
讓步狀語從句
Its once-great cities fell into ruin,leaving various mysteries for later people to solve. 它曾經(jīng)偉大的城市成為廢墟,留下了各種謎團(tuán)待后人解開。
◆ ruin n.殘?jiān)珨啾?廢墟
【詞匯拓展】
lie/be in ruins 　　　成為廢墟
fall into ruin 毀滅;滅亡;崩潰
be reduced to ruins 淪為廢墟
ruin vt. 破壞;毀壞
ruin sth/sb/oneself 毀壞某物/毀掉某人/自己
be ruined by... 被……毀壞/破壞
ruin one’s health/fame/future 毀了某人的健康/名譽(yù)/前途
用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
(1)Three fourths of the crops 　　　 　　(ruin) by the flood last night.
(2)After the wave came,the sand castle on the beach lay in 　　　　　(ruin).
(3)Once exposed to light,the film will 　　　　　(damage) and get useless.
(4)In the past hundred years,humans have been 　　　　　(destroy) rainforests in search of three major resources.
were ruined
ruins
be damaged
destroying
單詞 辨析
damage 一般指對物體或生命的局部損傷,使整體的價(jià)值或作用降低或變得無價(jià)值、無作用。這種損傷可以是暴力的或一次性破壞的結(jié)果,也可以是非暴力的長期損害的結(jié)果。
ruin 一般指對物體或生命徹底的破壞,但往往是非暴力的,也往往不是一次的打擊結(jié)果,常指對美好的或希望中的事物的破壞。
destroy 表示在肉體上、精神上或道義上徹底摧毀,使之無法復(fù)原,也可以表示對物體進(jìn)行完全的毀壞。
Its once-great cities fell into ruin,leaving various mysteries for later people to solve. 曾經(jīng)偉大的城市成為廢墟,留下了各種謎團(tuán)待后人解開。
【句式剖析】leaving various mysteries for later people to solve是“l(fā)eave+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu),to do表示動(dòng)作將要發(fā)生。
【句式拓展】
(1)leave sth doing 作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞-ing形式和賓語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
The boy went away,leaving the water running.
(2)leave sth done 作賓語補(bǔ)足語的過去分詞和賓語有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,表示被動(dòng)或完成。
The boy went to sleep,leaving his homework unfinished.
用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
(1)Tom went to buy lunch,leaving John 　　　　　(repair) the car.
(2)They finished most of the work,leaving the rest 　　　　　(do) the next day.
(3)The guests left most of the dishes 　　　　　　　(touch) because they were not tasty.
repairing
to be done
untouched
huge expansion of the... ……的急劇增加
◆ expansion n.擴(kuò)大;增加
【詞匯拓展】
expand vt.& vi. 擴(kuò)大;增加/ vt. 擴(kuò)展;發(fā)展(業(yè)務(wù))
expand into 拓展到;拓展成
expand on/upon 更充分闡述;詳談
Metals expand when they are heated. 金屬受熱會膨脹。
We have plans to expand into the US market. 我們有計(jì)劃進(jìn)入美國市場。
All the details are in the book.I need not expand on it. 情節(jié)都在書上呢,我無須詳述。
單句語法填空
(1)The library 　　 　　　(expand) into a big one,which is three times as big as the previous one.
(2)I’m quite satisfied with your explanation,so there’s no need to expand
　　　　　it.
has expanded　
on/upon
Review language points.
Search more information about the Maya on the Internet and prepare your speech to share in class.
THANKS FOR WATCHING

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