資源簡介

(共49張PPT)
Unit 5
Into the unknown
Using language
Review: noun clauses
BY MICHELLE
Grammar
01
Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
a Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars, it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people.
b But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities.
c Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery.
1 Which sentence contains a clause that serves as the subject of the sentence
2 Which sentence contains a clause that serves as the object of the sentence
3 Which sentence contains a clause that gives further information about the
subject in the sentence
4 What do “how” , “what” and “why” in each sentence refer to
In sentence a, “how” refers to the extent of power of Ancient Maya civilization’s secrets.
In sentence c, “why” refers to the reason that Maya civilization collapsed.
In sentence b, “what” refers to the thing that caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities.
Now look for more sentences with noun clauses in the reading passage.
1. Intrigued by Maya civilization from a very young age, 15-year-old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery from his study of ancient star charts. (OC)
2. Through comparison, he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to the positions of the stars. (OC)
3. Based on this, he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle. (OC)
Now look for more sentences with noun clauses in the reading passage.
4. What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels, metal tools or even animal power. (SC&PC)
5. The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious. (AC)
6. By changing the landscape in this way, it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters. (SC)
Now look for more sentences with noun clauses in the reading passage.
7. Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer tropical cyclones than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD. (OC)
8. Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places. (OC)
Review: noun clause 名詞性從句
概述
定義 在句子中起名詞作用的從句 類型 主語從句SC、賓語從句OC、表語從句PC、同位語從句AC 連接詞 連接詞 that,whether,if
連接代詞 what,who,whom,whose,which,whatever,
whoever,whomever,whichever
連接副詞 when,where,how,why
名
詞
性
從
句
主語從句
賓語從句
表語從句
同位語從句
一個句子放于主語的位置上
一個句子放于賓語的位置上
一個句子放于表語的位置上
一個句子放于同位語的位置上
What’s past is prologue.
Tomorrow or an accident-you never know which will come first.
That it will never come again is what makes life so sweet.
I have a dream that one day little black boys and girls will be holding hands with little white boys and girls.
分類 在從句中的作用 常見詞
連接詞 連接作用，不充當成分 that, whether, if
連接代詞 連接作用 + 充當n.成分 what,who,whom,whose,which,
whatever,whoever,whomever,
whichever
連接副詞 連接作用+ 充當狀語 when, where, why, how
I don’t know what you’re talking about.
That I miss you is obvious.
Do you know why you’re learning English
從句成分： *不缺任何成分 連接詞
*缺主賓表 連接代詞
*缺狀語意義 連接副詞
名詞性從句要點
主語從句
that從句位于句首時, that不能省略。
That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.
有時可用形式主語it代替主語從句, 將it放在句首, 主語從句放在句末, 以避免句子頭重腳輕。
It is not known yet where she has gone.
賓語從句
當賓語從句后有賓語補足語時, 需要用it作形式賓語, 而將賓語從句后置。
I made it clear that we were determined to carry out the plan.
當主句主語是第一人稱，且謂語為think, believe, suppose, expect等動詞時, 如果賓語從句表示否定意思, 通常否定前移, 即否定主句的謂語。
I don’t think there’s a computer store in the town.
I don’t believe that she’s ever been to Hong Kong.
賓語從句也可用作介詞或形容詞的賓語。
She was never satisfied with what she had achieved.
賓語從句
引導賓語從句的連詞that在口語中可省略, 但在下列情況中，that需保留。
主、從句之間有表示時間等的狀語時that不能省略, 否則會產生歧義。
The geography teacher told us yesterday that the nearest neighbour of the earth is the moon.
主、從句之間有插入語時不可省去that。
—It’s thirty years since we last met.
—But I still remember, believe it or not, that we got lost on a rainy night.
引導兩個或兩個以上的賓語從句時, 第二個以及第二個以后的賓語從句中的連詞that不能省略。
From what is written here I can see you had a very bad cold three years ago and that you also had a small operation last year.
表語從句
當主語是reason且后面的表語從句表示原因時通常用that引導; 而當it, this或that作主語, 后面的表語從句常用because或why引導。
My reason is that the cost will be too high.
I had to catch the first train. That / This / It was why I left so early.
表語從句還可由as if/as though引導。as if/as though引導表語從句時, 主句中的動詞可用be, seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel等。
She looks as if / as though she had seen a ghost.
This meat tastes as if / as though it has already gone bad.
同位語從句
同位語從句通常由that引導, 但whether, who, where等有時也可引導同位語從句。
Tears filled her eyes at the thought that she might never see him.
I have no idea whether I should buy a car or not.
可接同位語從句的通常是一些表示抽象意義的名詞, 常見的有news, idea, fact, belief, message, conclusion, decision, doubt, hope, chance, thought等。
The fact that the agreement was signed was important.
同位語從句有時不直接跟在它所解釋說明的名詞后面, 而是被其它成分隔開。
The question came up at the meeting whether we had enough money for our research.
引導名詞性從句的連接詞辨析
what與that
what引導名詞性從句時不僅起連接作用，而在從句中充當主語、賓語、表語、定語等。
What makes the school proud is that more than 90% of its students have been admitted to key universities.
He has fully lived up to what he promised.
I want to know what the difficulty is now.
Jack collected what information he could find.
that引導名詞性從句時只起連接作用, 在從句中不作任何成分。
whether與if
whether引導的主語從句可位于句首或句尾, 而if不能引導位于句首的主語從句。
Whether it rains or not doesn’t concern me.
It’s still uncertain if / whether he’s coming or not.
whether可引導表語從句和同位語從句, if 則不能。
The question is whether it is worth doing.
We ought to discuss the question whether we should do it.
whether可引導介詞后的賓語從句, if則不能。
He was worried about whether he passed the English examination.
whether后可直接跟or not, if 則不能。
I really don’t care whether or not he will stay.
whoever與whomever
在正式語體中, whomever是whoever的賓格形式; 在非正式語體中, 人們用whoever來代替whomever。
Whomever you invite will be welcome.
Give it to whoever / whomever you like.
whatever與whichever
與whatever相比，whichever常有明確的選擇范圍。
It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants.
All the books are here. You may borrow whichever you like.
考點歸納
名詞性從句考查要點主要是連接代詞和副詞的正確使用，主語、謂語的語序，雙重連接詞以及特殊句型的使用等。其考點主要包括：
1. 名詞性從句的連接詞。如：有詞義的連接代詞who, whose, whom, what, which; 連接副詞when, where, why, how; 從屬連詞that, whether, if, as if; 無詞義的that在從句中不擔任成分，有時可省略。
2. 名詞性從句的語序和時態。
3. it作形式主語、形式賓語的情況。
It+be+形容詞+that從句
It+be+過去分詞+that從句
It+be+名詞+that從句
It+不及物動詞(appear, happen等)+that從句
4. 名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣。
It is (was)+essential (important, natural…)+that…；
It is (was) suggested (demanded, wished, desired…) that…
5. what引導名詞性從句時的語義功能和語法功能。
what=the thing that/ anything that…
what=the place that…
what=the time that…
what=the person that…
6. whoever, whatever, whichever引導名詞性從句時的語義功能和語法功能。
1（2022新高考II卷）“I don’t know ___________ to thank him.”
2（2022年浙江1月）Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers
who invited her to speak ___________ she could do so remotely.
3（2021新課標I卷）________is so breathtaking about the experience is the
out-of-this-world scenes.
4（2021年北京卷）The poor woman wasn’t able to give him any information
about ________ she lived．
5（2021年天津卷）What puzzles Lily’s friends is ________ she always has
so many crazy ideas.
A. whether B. why C. what D. when
how
whether/if
What
where
B
6（2021年天津卷）It seemed that I had become ________ my parents had
wanted me to be.
A. when B. where C. what D. whether
7 (2019全國卷Ⅰ) While they are rare north of 88°，there is evidence
________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as
James Bay in Canada.
8 (2018全國卷Ⅲ) I’m not sure ________ is more frightened, me or the
female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
9 (2020全國新高考I）Write a poem about ________ courage, determination,
and strength have helped you face challenges in your life.
10 (2018全國卷I）Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, I’m still
putting to use ________he taught me.
C
that
who
how
what
Complete the passage using noun clauses with words in brackets.
Look like
<
>
x
DINOSAURS
What did
look like
There are many mysteries about dinosaurs to which we long to find explanations. You may think that dinosaurs were big, green and scaly, right In fact, it seems that they appeared very different form 1 ____________ (think).
In recent years, scientists have worked out 2 ___________________________ _________(look): many of them were small with feathers. However, 3 _______________ (have) feathers still isn’t clear — it might have been for communicating or for staying warm, but not just for flight.
Scientists also believe that many dinosaurs had bright colours. It seems 4 _________________ (depend on) their habitats. That is, dinosaurs which could fly would have had different colours to those living in the sea.
what we think
what they looked like/ how they looked
whether they had
that depended on
Talk about what caused the disappearance of dinosaurs using noun clauses where appropriate. You may use the notes to help you.
Among the many unsolved mysteries about dinosaurs, what really interests me is their disappearance. One possible explanation is that …
The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, or the K-T extinction event, is the name given to the die-off of the dinosaurs and other species that took place some 65.5 million years ago.
For many years, paleontologists believed this event was caused by climate and geological changes that interrupted the dinosaurs’ food supply. However, in the 1980s, father-and-son scientists Luis and Walter Alvarez discovered in the geological record a distinct layer of iridium — an element found in abundance only in space — that corresponds to the precise time the dinosaurs died.
This suggests that a comet, asteroid or meteor impact event may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. In the 1990s, scientists located the massive Chicxulub Crater at the tip of Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula, which dates to the period in question.
Do research into another extinct creature. Share your ideas about why it disappeared using noun clauses where appropriate.
The Golden Toad
The American Cheetah
The Eskimo Curlew
The Blackfin Cisco
Schomburgk’s Deer
Broad-Faced Potoroo
Everyone knows that birds
descended from dinosaurs —
and, like dinosaurs, birds have
been subject to the kinds of
ecological pressures (loss of
habitat, climate change, human
predation) that can render a species extinct. In its heyday, the Passenger Pigeon was the most populous bird in the world.
Its vast flocks had billions of birds and literally darkened the skies over North America during their annual migrations. Hunted and harassed by the millions — and shipped in
railroad cars, by the ton, to the starving cities
of the eastern seaboard — the Passenger Pigeon
dwindled before vanishing by the late 19th
century. The last known Passenger Pigeon,
who was named Martha, died in
captivity at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.
Vocabulary
Building
02
Facing the unknown
Read the passage and answer the questions. Pay attention to the words and expressions in bold.
When something strange or unfamiliar happens, the flight instinct can kick in. Often, making a quick getaway is a sensible and understandable natural response, dating back to a time when our ancestors were running for their lives from dangers, such as wild animals, lightning and fire. So while you may be tempted to check out a strange object or to test the waters of a new situation, it can be safer to steer clear of the unfamiliar.
快速逃離
為了躲避危險而拼命奔跑
核實，檢查
試水，試探
避開，繞開
However, not everyone chooses to follow this instinct.
Instead of retreating to their caves, some of our ancestors
chose to subdue their fears and pursue the unknown - and
this curiosity led them to, for instance, discover the use of fire.
In more recent times, Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen endured one of the most hostile environments on Earth when he set out into uncharted territory to reach the South Pole - a region of the planet ripe for exploration.
撤退到
征服
忍耐，忍受
打算，著手
These reactions help humankind delve into the unknown and advance towards a more progressive and civilised society. Of course, exploration doesn’t have to mean blindly throwing ourselves into the unknown, and it’s never wrong to think twice before taking action. While there is no need for us to shrink from new situations, we should always look into things first and consider our options.
鉆研，探究
三思而后行
采取行動
回避，避免
調查
考慮我們的選擇
What is the flight instinct Why do some people react that way in the face of the unknown
What other reactions could people have when facing the unknown
Flight instinct is our instinctive reaction to get away from a strange, unfamiliar or dangerous situation.
Some people react that way in the face of the unknown because it is a sensible and understandable natural response.
Some people choose to overcome their fears and face the unknown.
Put the words and expressions in Activity 5 into the table. Add any more you can think of.
Avoiding Exploring Overcoming Hesitating
making a quick getaway
running for their lives from
steer clear of
retreating to
shrink from
check out
test the waters of
set out into
delve into
taking action
subdue
endured
think twice
look into
consider our options
Listening&
Speaking
03
Read the passage and answer the questions.
What functions of the brain are mentioned in the passage
What is the current research situation concerning the brain
Do you know any other interesting facts about the brain Share them with the class.
The brain functions mentioned include its being the centre of the nervous system and controlling most of the body’s activities, including vision, memory, speech and rhythm.
There is still a long way to go before we can completely understand the workings of the brain.
Listen to the interview and choose the topic discussed.
Methods to keep the brain healthy and active.
Sleep-related mysteries.
Ways of improving sleep quality.
Methods of interpreting dreams.
Listen again and complete the table.
rest and do maintenance
remain active
makes lots of poisonous chemicals
remove these chemicals
enough data
the most important reason
New connections are formed between different parts
uses them to form new memories
sleep is necessary to this function
Why do some people dream in colour and others don’t
Now use the information in the table to give a lecture to the class. Do further research if necessary.
Complete the boxes with the expressions from the interview.
Asking for more information Explaining
Could you tell us something about...
What other reasons could there be for it
Would you tell us more about...
it’s because...
... prove that...
Talk about the investigations into another scientific mystery using the words and expressions in this section. Do further research if necessary.
Review noun clauses.
Use the new words and expressions to write about the investigations into another scientific mystery.
THANKS FOR WATCHING

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