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(共43張PPT)
Unit 6
Space and beyond
Using language
Review: modals
BY MICHELLE
Grammar
01
Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
a Millions watched that first lunar landing ... aware ... of the many things that could go wrong.
b The world went into shock, most people having assumed that this space flight would be no more dangerous than travelling in an aeroplane.
c I can remember that day so clearly, watching the take-off on TV at school, ...
d The sacrifice of the Challenger calls to us, reminding us that we must continue to reach for the stars, ...
Which sentence talks about ability
Which sentence talks about possibility
Which sentence talks about necessity
c I can remember that day so clearly, watching the take-off on TV at
school, ...
a Millions watched that first lunar landing ... aware ... of the many things that could go wrong.
d The sacrifice of the Challenger calls to us, reminding us that we must continue to reach for the stars, ...
Which sentence talks about prediction
What other modals do you know What do they indicate
b The world went into shock, most people having assumed that this space flight would be no more dangerous than travelling in an aeroplane.
Will, may, might, have to, shall, should, ought to, need, dare...
Now look for more sentences with modals in the reading passage.
1. With the eyes of students across the nation upon her, she might have inspired an entirely new generation of astronauts and space scientists.
2. But there was never any doubt that manned flights would continue, and on 29 September 1988, the space shuttle programme resumed with the successful launch of Discovery.
3. The memory of those seven will live forever, written in the stars, inspiring us to join them in humanity's greatest journey of exploration and discovery.
4. The sacrifice of the Challenger calls to us, reminding us that we must continue to reach for the stars, no matter how distant they might seem.
Review modals
情態(tài)動詞
情態(tài)動詞主要用來表明說話者的情感、態(tài)度和語氣。情態(tài)動詞不能單獨作謂語，需要和實義動詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。
We can be there on time tomorrow.
May I have your name
Shall we begin now
情態(tài)動詞的特點
情態(tài)動詞無人稱和數(shù)的變化，情態(tài)動詞后面跟的動詞需用原形，否定式構(gòu)成是在情態(tài)動詞后面加“not”。個別情態(tài)動詞有現(xiàn)在式和過去式兩種形式，過去式可以用來表達(dá)更加客氣、委婉的語氣，時態(tài)性不強，可用于過去，現(xiàn)在或?qū)怼?br/>用法 請求/ 許可 可能/ 推測 義務(wù)/ 職責(zé) 意圖/ 打算 意愿/ 愿意 意志/ 決心 才能/
能力
can/could √ √ √
may/might √ √
shall/should √ √ √ √ √ √
will/would √ √ √ √ √
must √ √
ought to √ √
情態(tài)動詞的基本語法功能
can，could 的用法
表能力，有“能”、“會”、“能夠”的意思
— Can you drive a car
　 — Yes, I can.
表允許，在口語中代替 may，有“可以”的意思
　 Can I use your bike 　
表示可能性，常用于否定句和疑問句
Can it be true 　
　 Today is Sunday. He can’t be at school.
過去式 could 表示的語氣更加委婉、客氣
　 Could I come to see you tomorrow 　
may, might 的用法
在陳述句中表示“允許”,在疑問句中表示“請求允許”，譯為“可以”。有時 might 可以代替 may，這種用法的 might 并無時態(tài)意義，只是語氣更加婉轉(zhuǎn)。
May I come in
You may take anyone if you like.
Might I ask for a photo of your family
You might as well tell me what you want to say.
表示推測，譯為“可能”,用于肯定或否定句。might 也可以代替 may 表達(dá)同樣的意思，且沒有時態(tài)意義。
I think that may be the problem.
will, would 的用法
表示請求，would比will語氣委婉。
Would you please let me have a look
表示習(xí)慣或傾向。will用于表示一般的習(xí)慣，would用于描述過去的習(xí)慣或例行的活動
Jealousy will spoil friendship.
He would come to help us when he was free.
must，have to 的用法
must表示義務(wù)、必要性、命令等，意為“必須，應(yīng)該”, 更強調(diào)主觀態(tài)度。其否定形式為mustn’t, 意為“不許, 禁止”。
You must finish your homework this afternoon.
You mustn’t smoke here.
表示推測，語氣最為肯定，一般用于肯定句，意為“一定，準(zhǔn)是”。
She must be tired after such a long walk.
must表示責(zé)備、抱怨的感彩，意為“偏偏，偏要”。
John, look at the time. Must you play the piano at such a late time
have to 表示客觀需要，“必須，不得不”，強調(diào)客觀上的必要性。
You have to be back before 10 o’clock because the train leaves at 10:05.
shall 的用法
用于第二、三人稱陳述句表示說話人給對方的命令、警告、允諾、決心、強制或威脅。
— Can I pay the bill by check
— Sorry, sir. But it is the management rules of our hotel that payment shall be made in cash.
用于第一或第三人稱單數(shù)一般疑問句，表征求對方意見。
A man is asking to see you. Shall he come in
Shall we go out for a walk
When shall my father be able to leave hospital
should 的用法
表示責(zé)任、義務(wù)， 譯為“應(yīng)該”
We should obey the regulations of our school.
表示推測，譯為“應(yīng)該”
Their basketball team has lots of excellent players, so if there is no unexpected thing to happen, their team should win the championship.
表驚訝，譯為 “竟然”
You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady.
ought to 的用法
“理應(yīng)，應(yīng)該”，表示一種義務(wù)或從道理或道義上來講的一種責(zé)任，可用should替換。
You ought to study hard.
The sentence oughtn’t to be used here.
“應(yīng)該，應(yīng)是”，表示一種推測，可用should替換。
He is honest, so what he said ought to be true.
need，dare 的用法
need 表示必要性，常用于疑問句和否定句中，needn’t 表示“不必”；對need引出的一般疑問句作肯定回答時用must而不用need，作否定回答時用needn’t。
This is a free service; you needn’t pay for it.
—Need I hand in the application now
—Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.
dare 表示“敢，膽敢”，作情態(tài)動詞時后跟動詞原形，主要用于疑問句、否定句和條件句中。
How dare she do things like that to me
—Dare you catch the mouse
—No, I daren’t.
dare的習(xí)慣用法:
I dare say. 也許，我想
It will rain this afternoon, I dare say.
How dare+句子。“……竟敢……”表示對他人行為感到憤怒
How dare you open my drawer without my permission!
“情態(tài)動詞+ have done”結(jié)構(gòu)
“情態(tài)動詞+have done”既可表示對過去情況的推測,又可表示某種情緒、態(tài)度。情態(tài)動詞不同，該結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的含義也不同。
must have done 一定已經(jīng)做了…… 用于肯定句中，表示對過去的肯定情況把握比較大的推測
could have done 本來能做某事(而實際上未做) 表示對過去未能實現(xiàn)的動作的一種責(zé)備或惋惜之情,此時could不能用 can替換
可能已經(jīng)做了某事 表示對過去情況的推測。
cannot / couldn’t have done (過去)不可能做了某事 只能表推測，相當(dāng)于 can’t have done
may/might have done 可能已經(jīng)做了某事 表示對過去情況的推測，might表示可能性更小
本可以做某事(而實際上沒做) 表示對過去某一未實現(xiàn)的動作的責(zé)備或惋惜之情
should /ought to have done 本該做某事(而實際上未做) 可用于肯定句和否定句，表示責(zé)備或惋惜之情
shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have done 本不該做某事而實際上做了 表示責(zé)備或惋惜之情
needn’t have done 本不必做某事(而實際上做了)
選用括號內(nèi)合適的內(nèi)容補全下面句子。
1. I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left. I __________________ (should have phoned, have phoned) him earlier.
2. Since they aren’t answering their telephone, they ______________ (can have left, must have left).
3. You ____________ (will, may) lead a horse to the water but you _________ (dare, can) not make it drink.
4. Mary _____________________ (couldn’t have received, needn’t have received) my email; otherwise she would have replied before now.
should have phoned
must have left
may
can
couldn’t have received
5. You ____________ (mustn’t, needn’t) do that if you don’t want to.
6. I don’t believe him. He ___________ (may not, can’t) be serious.
7. If you don’t like to swim, you _______________ (may as well, may well) stay at home.
8. They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled. In fact, they __________________ (needn’t have gone, wouldn’t have gone) at all.
9. She was ill. She ______________________ (couldn’t have attended, mustn’t attend) the meeting here.
10. Carey didn’t go to the party last night because she ________________ (should look after, had to look after) the baby for her sister until 9:30.
needn’t have gone
couldn’t have attended
had to look after
needn’t
can’t
may as well
Read the passage and choose the correct modals.
On 15 October 1997，the Cassini spacecraft set out on a mission to explore the planet Saturn. So great was the distance from Earth that it would / shall need to travel for almost six years to reach its destination. When it reached Saturn, it sent back amazing images of the planet’s famous rings viewed in ultraviolet light. Cassini made numerous trips around Saturn so it could / must collect data. Over the following years, Cassini took some 450,000 images of the planet and its moons. Finally, on 15 September 2017, Cassini was pointed towards Saturn so that it should / would meet a fiery end. Scientists had decided that Cassini could / must be destroyed this way, so it must / would not collide with any of Saturn’s moons. In its nearly 20-year mission, Cassini provided so much information that scientists could / would not process it all. No wonder so many people took to social media to bid it goodbye, saying, “Farewell, dear Cassini! We shall / should never forget you!”
Look at the picture and tell a story using modals where appropriate.
I couldn’t believe it when I looked into the Martian sky…
It’s scary but beautiful-Martian-red dirt dotted with unknown plants, chocolate-brown mountain ranges and a sky that makes Martian sky look like the glow of a flame. Without special glasses, I couldn’t see much because the light is too bright. Besides, it must be too hot in the day
and too cold in the evening so that I should wear a kind of coat to live a normal life there.
Take it in turns to draw a picture of space exploration and ask your partner to tell a story based on it. Use modals where appropriate.
Listening&
Speaking
02
Life in space
What do you know about the Fermi Paradox
The Fermi Paradox: according to some calculations, there should be many other civilisations out there, but there is no evidence of these at all. No spacecraft, no radio transmissions, nothing. So, as Fermi said, “Where is everybody ”
Did You Know
Listen to the interview and choose the questions discussed.
1 Is there life on other planets
2 What would life on other planets look like
3 Should we use robots to explore space
4 What is the Fermi Paradox
5 Will people ever make contact with life on other planets
Listen again and complete the table.
Answers
Q1 Sophie: There must be millions of planets like ours, and some could have life 1___________________.
Eric: You would think it likely that 2__________________________________. But that’s 3___________________ the Fermi Paradox.
Q2 Sophie: Life on other planets won’t look like us because 4_______________________________________________________________.
Eric: Because evolution 5____________________________________, life on other planets is likely to look like us.
Q3 Eric: We cannot 6_____________________, which means it would take more than a lifetime to reach planets where there might be life.
Sophie: Maybe we don’t need to travel in straight lines. Perhaps we will be able to 7___________________________________________________________ to make contact with life on other planets.
similar to our own
there are forms of life somewhere
without considering
conditions on other planets won’t be like those on Earth
would work the same way everywhere
travel faster than light
take short cuts, through a “wormhole” in space, for example
Now work in groups of three and act out the interview.
Complete the boxes with the expressions from the interview.
I think there definitely is. Since..., it isn’t reasonable to...
There’s evidence that... It would be wonderful if...
The fact that... means... Let’s hope that...
Expressing hopes
Expressing opinions
I think there definitely is. Since..., it isn’t reasonable to...
There’s evidence that... The fact that... means...
It would be wonderful if... Let’s hope that...
Read the passage and answer the questions.
The dramatic scientific developments of recent years have brought space exploration back to public attention. As getting into space is however, still not an easy task, more and more space camps and other places are providing simulated space adventures.The Space Camp, founded in 1982 under NASA, is an educational camp, where children can learn about space travel and astronomy, and even have the chance to have lunch with an astronaut! So far, the camp has inspired hundreds of thousands of young people from the US and from elsewhere around the world. What's more, some of its ex-students have even grown up to become astronauts!
What is the passage mainly about
Would you like to take part in a space camp Why or why not
The passage is mainly about the Space Camp.
Yes, of course. Because I can learn about space travel and astronomy, and even have the chance to have lunch with an astronaut.
Vocabulary
Building
03
Read the advertisement for the space camp and find out what students can do there. Pay attention to the words and expressions in bold.
Sign up for our space programme now and give your knowledge of aviation and space a boost! Here at the observatory, you can learn about astronomy and take in a lunar eclipse.You will also have the chance to design and launch a model rocket.Then, join your mission teammates in our modern flight simulators. Put on a spacesuit, exit the capsule and go on your incredibly lifelike spacewalk in a world with zero gravity. Scared of being space sick Don't worry! Your special training will take care of this. Make the most of your lunar exploration adventure before re-entering into the atmosphere on your way back to Earth.
Find out what students can do there.
At the observatory, you can learn about astronomy and take in a lunar eclipse. You will also have the chance to design and launch a model rocket. Then in modern flight simulators, you could put on a spacesuit, exit the capsule and go on your incredibly lifelike spacewalk in a world with zero gravity.
Pay attention to the words and expressions in bold.
1. observatory
2. lunar eclipse
3. launch a model rocket
4. put on a spacesuit
5. capsule
6. spacewalk
7. zero gravity
8. space sick
月食
發(fā)射模擬火箭
穿上太空服
天文臺
太空艙，航天艙
太空行走
零重力，失重
太空病
Complete the email with the correct form of the words and expressions.
Dear Ted,
Remember when I told you I’d signed up for the space programme Well I just got back from a week of simulated manned flight activities, and it was awesome!
We started out with some theory, learning about astronomy in the 1___________ and then 2_________ model rockets. After that we tried the simulator. I put on a 3__________ and went for a walk in 4______________________. It’s strange to float around like that - in fact, a lot of people get 5___________! Luckily, I felt fine. Then I returned to the 6__________ and travelled to the “Moon” for some lunar exploration. You should join the programme too - you’d love it!
Write soon!
Yours,
Kim
observatory
launched
spacesuit
a world with zero gravity
space sick
capsule
Imagine you are going to apply for the programme. Organize your ideas for the short video by answering the questions.
1. Why do you want to take part in the programme
2. What activities would you like to experience
3. What is it about space that most interests you What have you learnt about it
Present your ideas for the short video in class using the words and expressions in this section.
Review grammar-modals.
Talk about the Fermi Paradox using expressions about expressing opinions and hopes.
Talk about the Space Camp using the words and expressions in this section.
THANKS FOR WATCHING

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