資源簡介

(共25張PPT)
Unit 1 People of Achievement
Discover useful structures
To distinguish non-restrictive relative clauses from restrictive relative clauses.
To make sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses.
Read the following sentences and underline the relative clauses. Then name the two types of clauses and state their functions.
1. They tested hundreds of Chinese medical treatments
that showed promise in the fight against the disease.
restrictive relative clause
function:modify the kind of medical treatments they tested.
2. Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, which is considered one of the highest international honors a person can receive.
non-restrictive relative clause
3. Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients.
non-restrictive relative clause
4. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered.
non-restrictive relative clause
function:give extra information about Nobel Prize
function:give extra information about Hainan
function:give extra information about patients
In rural areas, where/in which ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a life-saving role.
在農(nóng)村,救護(hù)車要花相對(duì)長的時(shí)間到達(dá),電話亭就承擔(dān)了救命的角色。
Mr Smith, from whom I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.
史密斯先生是一位著名的科學(xué)家,我從他那里學(xué)了很多東西。
The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
桌子上的書是我們的獎(jiǎng)品,書的封皮很亮。
I had told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting.
我已經(jīng)告訴了他們我沒有參加會(huì)議的原因。
注意：
(1)whose作定語,先行詞是人時(shí),“whose+n.”相當(dāng)于“the+n.+of whom”;先行詞是物時(shí),“whose+n.”相當(dāng)于“the+n.+of which”。
(2)that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。when/where可以用“介詞+which”來代替。
(3)非限制性定語從句表原因時(shí),不用 why 引導(dǎo),而用 for which代替 why。
單句寫作
1.在這場(chǎng)活動(dòng)中,一些在過去很著名的演員卻未到場(chǎng)。
At the event, some famous actors were absent, ________ ________ ________ ________in the past.
2.學(xué)校附近住著一位老人,他的兒子在國外工作。
There lives an old man near the school, ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
who had been
popular
whose son is
working abroad　
二、作用不同
限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行修飾和限制，如果去掉會(huì)造成句意的不完整；
非限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞是修飾，補(bǔ)充解釋說明或?qū)χ骶溥M(jìn)行評(píng)述，去掉不影響。如：
Franklin was the first man who discovered the nature of electricity.
Franklin, who was very young, discovered the nature of electricity.
先行詞往往是抽象，不夠具體的
先行詞：具體，從句旨在補(bǔ)充說明評(píng)述先行詞或主句
三、先行詞不同
限制性定語從句的先行詞一般是名詞或代詞，非限制性定語從句的先行詞既可以是名詞或代詞, 也可以是主句的一部分或整個(gè)主句。如：
Things then improved, which surprised me.
（先行詞為整個(gè)主句）
四、關(guān)系詞不同
限制性定語從句可以由that, why引導(dǎo)，而非限制性定語從句不用that和why引導(dǎo)；關(guān)系詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略，在非限制性定語從句中通常不省略。如：
There were very few passengers that/who had escaped without serious injury.
There were very few passengers, who had escaped without serious injury.
Have you found the book (that/which) you want
關(guān)系代詞as和which
關(guān)系代詞as和which既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,在從句中作主語或賓語。
項(xiàng)目 as which
指代 引導(dǎo)的從句只能指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容 引導(dǎo)的從句既可指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容,又可指代主句的一部分
位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 引導(dǎo)的從句不能位于主句之前
意義 正如,就像 這(一點(diǎn)),那(一點(diǎn))
As is reported in the papers, our country has sent up another man-made earth satellite.報(bào)紙上報(bào)道,我們國家又發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。 (as 指代主句內(nèi)容,位于句首)
The singer, as was expected, achieved great success.
正如所預(yù)料的那樣,這位歌手取得了巨大的成功。(as 指代主句內(nèi)容,位于句中,用逗號(hào)隔開)
These three books were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them.
這三本書被當(dāng)作禮物給了我,這可能會(huì)增加我賦予它們的意義。 (which 指代主句內(nèi)容,位于句末)
注意:
as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句常可看作固定結(jié)構(gòu):
用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空
1.The weather turned out to be very fine,　　　　　 was more than we could expect.
2.　　　 has been announced, we shall have our final exam next month.
3.He failed in the driving test,　　　　　 we had expected.
which
As
as
【拓展】
無論是限制性定語從句還是非限制性定語從句，只要關(guān)系代詞在從句中作定語，都用whose引導(dǎo)。如：
I like the teacher whose classes are very interesting and lively.
Edward, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital.
關(guān)系副詞或“介詞+ which / whom”可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。如：
He was born in the year when/in which the war broke out.
We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, where/in which my grandparents live.
Rewrite the sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses. How do the sentences flow differently
The book tells us about Alexander Fleming. He discovered penicillin.
The book tells us about Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin.
步驟：尋找兩個(gè)句子的相同成分，由此確定先行詞/所修飾補(bǔ)充說明的成分，選用合適的引導(dǎo)詞（關(guān)代、關(guān)副），并使用逗號(hào)將其主句（傳達(dá)句子意義的主干部分）和從句在一起。
Example
Practice
3. There is nothing we can do to help Linda. Her circumstances are beyond our control.
4. The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favorite novelist, J.K. Rowling. It inspired us a lot.
There is nothing we can do to help Linda, whose circumstances are beyond our control.
The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favorite novelist, J.K. Rowling, which inspired us a lot.
她的
___
____
我們幫不了Linda， 她的境況超出了我們的控制。
=
_
_____
老師要求我們聽他最喜愛的小說家J.K. 羅琳的演講，這個(gè)（演講）讓我們非常鼓舞。
5. The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei
-- a famous Chinese-American architect. He was born in Guangzhou, China.
6. I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart. It was a big challenge for me.
The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei-- a famous Chinese-American architect, who was born in Guangzhou, China.
I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart, which was a big challenge for me.
=
_______
__
這個(gè)正在建的樓是由美籍華人I.M. 裴所設(shè)計(jì)的，他生于中國廣州。
=
__
我被要求借助流程圖來解釋這個(gè)項(xiàng)目, 這件事對(duì)我來說是一個(gè)很大的挑戰(zhàn)。
一句多譯
1.她說不出她缺席會(huì)議的原因。
→She couldn’t give us the reason 　　　　she was absent from the meeting.
→She couldn’t give us the reason,　　　　　 　　　　　she was absent from the meeting.
2.他拒絕邀請(qǐng)的理由還不清楚。
→The reason 　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　the invitation is not clear.
→The reason 　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　 the invitation is not clear.
why
for which
for which he refused
why he refused
3.我出生的城市發(fā)生了很大的變化。
→Great changes have taken place in the city
　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　.
→Great changes have taken place in the city
　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　.
in which I was born
where I was born
四、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的不同
類別 限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句
作用 修飾限制(只可修飾先行詞) 補(bǔ)充說明(可修飾先行詞或主句)
意義 去掉后,句意不完整 去掉后,句意仍完整
形式 不用逗號(hào)與主句隔開 用逗號(hào)與主句隔開
關(guān)系詞 作賓語時(shí)可省略 作賓語時(shí)不可省略
可用that 不用that,用who或which代替
可用who代替whom 一般不用who代替whom
可用why 不用why,用for which代替
譯法 先譯定語從句,后譯先行詞,常譯作“……的” 可譯為并列句
Summary
限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句
provide explanation or comments
give extra information to a noun, a whole sentence, or a part of a sentence
restrict a noun/pronoun
optional and removable
essential for meaning
provide key, identifying
information
Summary
小結(jié) 限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句
意義上 從句與主句關(guān)系緊湊，從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限定作用，缺少從句會(huì)影響句意的完整。
功能上
結(jié)構(gòu)上
從句與主句的關(guān)系相對(duì)松散，從句用于補(bǔ)充主句的內(nèi)容和信息，去掉從句不影響句意的完整。
修飾先行詞或整個(gè)句子
1.主句，從句之間多用逗號(hào)隔開
2. 關(guān)系詞很少可以省略
3.不能用that,why引導(dǎo)
修飾先行詞
1.沒有停頓，主句與從句之間不用逗號(hào)
2.關(guān)系詞若作從句的賓語,可省略.
3.可用that,why 引導(dǎo)
Thank You

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