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句子成分及其句子種類
一、句子的基本成分
句子的基本成分有以下幾種：主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語、同位語。
1、主語：句子的主體，全句述說的對象。一般由名詞、代詞（it, they, he 等）、不定式（to do sth )、動名詞(doing sth ) 或從句擔當，位于句首。
The boy needs a pen. (the boy 名詞做主語）
Smoking is bad for you. (動名詞作主語）= To smoke is bad for you.(不定式做主語）
What you say is right. 你所說的是對的。 (名詞性從句做主語）
謂語：說明主語的動作或狀態(tài)。由動詞或系動詞或情態(tài)動詞加動詞原形擔任，常置于主語后。The train leaves at 6 o’clock. She is reading.
3、賓語：表示動作的對象。一般由名詞或代詞擔當，常置于謂語后。
He won the game. He likes playing computer.
表語：用以表述主語的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。一般由名詞或形容詞擔任，置于系動詞或be動詞之后。
He is a student. We are tired.
注意：除了be 系動詞外，還有一些動詞也可以用作系動詞，
1)表感官的動詞: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。
2)表轉(zhuǎn)變變化的動詞: become, get, grow, turn, go等。
3)表延續(xù)的動詞: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。
5、定語：對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子。
The black bike is mine.（形容詞）
The boy in blue is Jim.（介詞短語）I have nothing to do today.（動詞不定式）
注意：
1) 當定語修飾不定代詞如：nothing , anything , everything , something等時，定語要放在其后作后置定語。
例如： I tell him something interesting.
2) 不定式、短語或從句作定語時，也放在被修飾的名詞之后。
例如：The boys who are in the room are playing games.
6狀語：是用于說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等的一種句法成分。一般是副詞、介詞詞組、動詞不定式、分詞或者分詞短語， 或句子
They were sitting on the floor.（介詞短語做地點狀語）
She spoke English very well.（副詞做程度狀語）
The teachers come here to listen to my lesson.（不定式做目的狀語）
My English is good because I like English. (原因狀語）
I study hard, so I get the best score. (結(jié)果狀語）
If you are late(條件狀語）, you will be punished.
Although it i sraining ,（讓步狀語）I decide to go outside. 盡管...但...
7補語：補充說明賓語的情況。由n./adj./介賓/分詞/不定式等擔任。常位于賓語后。
He made me sad.（形容詞）She asks me to take an umbrella.（不定式）
The war made him a soldier.（名詞）I find him at home.（介詞短語）
I saw a cat running along the wall.（分詞）
8）同位語：同位語是句子成分的一種, 它位于名詞、代詞后面, 說明它們的性質(zhì)和情況, 它可以由名詞、代詞、名詞性短語或從句充當。
Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. I myself will do the experiment.She is the oldest among them six.
二、5個基本句型
主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：（謂語動詞能表達完成的意思， 稱為不及物動詞， 后面可以跟副詞介詞短語、狀語從句等。
Time files. / The moon rises. / The man laughs（loudly）.
主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞（Vt）。
I buy a flower.
I read a book.
I like apples.
I want to stay at home.
主系表結(jié)構(gòu)
此句型的句子有一個共同的特點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復合謂語，才能表達完整的意思。系動詞：
be動詞
感官動詞:smell, feel, taste,sound,look 變化:become,get, turn,go, come, grow-remain, stay, keep
This The dinner He Everything The book The weather His face 主語 is smells fell looks is became turned 系動詞 an English dictionary. good. happy. different. interesting. warmer. red. 表語
主謂賓賓補 : 此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語
還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。
We They They They What We He I 主語 keep painted call found makes saw asked saw 謂語 he table the door supper the house him him me them 賓語 clean. green. dinner. dirty. sad out. to come back soon. getting on the bus. 賓語補足語
主謂+間接賓語+直接賓語： 此句型的句子有一個共同特點：謂語動詞必須跟有兩個賓語才能表達完整的意思。這兩個賓語一個是動作的直接承受者，另一個是動作的間接承受者。give sb sth = give sth to sb 等 屬于主謂+間賓+直賓
She She He 主語 gave sent shows 謂語 me me me 間接賓語 a book a message her pictures 直接賓語
判斷以下句子屬于哪種類型
1.They work hard.
2.The flower is dead.
3.Plants need water.
4.He gives me some seeds.
5.We should keep the plants in the shade.
6.Many animals live in trees.
7. He's getting angry.
8. He got through the window.
9. You'll get a surprise.
10.He got his shoes and socks wet.
11. He got himself into trouble.
12. He got her a splendid present.

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