資源簡介

【Unit 5 筆記】
1．native adj．本國的；本地的　n．本地人；本國人
（1）be native to　原產于
one's native country/land/language　某人的祖國/故鄉/母語
（2）be a native of…　……的人；原產于……的動物或植物
How many billion people speak the UN's official languages as their native or second language？
有多少億人把聯合國的官方語言作為他們的母語或第二語言？
Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English．
以英語作為母語的人，即使他們所講的語言不盡相同，也可以相互理解。
As a matter of fact，French is not my native language．事實上，法語不是我的母語。
Is her uncle a native of Shanghai，or just a visitor？她的叔叔是上海的本地人，還是只是一個訪客？
The researcher says the tiger is native to India．研究人員說，這只老虎原產于印度。
2．attitude n．態度； 看法； 姿態
attitude to/towards…　對……的態度/看法
have/take a(n)…attitude to/towards…　對……持……的態度/采取……的態度
What is the attitude of the speaker towards foreign language learning？說話者對外語學習的態度是什么？
We each should develop a positive attitude to life．我們每個人都應該培養積極的人生態度。
Try to have a positive attitude to/towards everything and stop complaining．盡力對每件事情都持積極的態度，停止抱怨。
It was your bad attitude towards/to your work that made your parents angry．是你對生活的不好態度使父母生氣。

3．despite prep．即使；盡管
despite　即使；盡管， 為介詞，后常跟名詞或v．－ing
even if　即使；盡管，為連詞，后跟從句
China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way through into modern times，despite the many ups and downs in its history．
中國以其悠久的文明而聞名，盡管歷史上有過許多起起落落，但中國一直延續到現代。
My parents love me despite my shortcomings． 盡管我有很多缺點，但是父母還是喜歡我的。
John is a good basketball player despite being short and thin． 盡管約翰身材矮小，他依然是個優秀的籃球運動員。
4．based adj．以（某事）為基礎的；以……為重要部分（或特征）的
（1） be based on/upon　以……為基礎/依據，在句子中常常作狀語。
（2） base　vt．以……為據點；以……為基礎n． 底部；根據 base…on…　以……為基礎
basic adj． 基礎的
At the beginning，written Chinese was a picture－based language．最初，書面漢語是一種以象形文字為基礎的語言。
In my diary， I set down a series of things that are all based on facts．在我的日記里，我記下了一系列有事實根據的事情。
One should always base his opinion on facts．一個人應該始終以事實為根據發表自己的觀點。
【溫馨提示】
（1）Based on a true story， the film is very popular．這部電影是根據一個真實的故事改編的，現在很受歡迎。
（2）They have to have a basic understanding of computers in order to use the technology．
為了使用這項技術，他們必須對計算機有一個基本的了解。
A lot of business is still done over the phone，and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships．
很多業務仍然是通過電話完成的，其中大部分是基于信任和現有的關系。
5．variety n．（植物、語言等的）變體；異體；多樣化
（1）a variety of＝varieties of　種類繁多的
（2）various adj．　不同的；各種各樣的
for various reasons　由于種種原因
vary vt．&vi．　改變；變化
vary from… to…　從……到……不等；在……到……之間變動
One of the advantages is that we can find varieties of topics， such as science， culture and history．
其中優勢之一是我們能夠找到各種主題，如：科學、文化、歷史等。
In my free time， I'd like to take exercise， such as swimming， running and various/a variety of ball games．
在業余時間，我喜歡鍛煉，例如：游泳、跑步和各種球類運動。
All languages change over time and vary from place to place because of the local accent．
所有的語言都會隨著時間的推移而變化，并且由于地方口音的不同而有所不同。
It is a pity that some people can't go back home at the Spring Festival for a variety of reasons．
遺憾的是，有些人因為各種原因不能回家。
The research team is made up of the pupils，whose ages vary from 10 to 15．
這個研究小組由這些學生組成，他們的年齡從10歲到15歲不等。
6．major adj．主要的；重要的；大的　n．主修課程；主修學生　vi．主修；專門研究
（1） major in　主修……；以……為專業
（2） majority n．　大多數；大半
a/the majority of　大多數……
be in the majority　構成大部分/大多數
Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction．
秦始皇統一了七大諸侯國，形成了一個統一的郡，中國的文字系統開始朝一個方向發展。
I guessed that there was probably a major misunderstanding．我猜想這里可能有個大的誤會。
When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is of great importance．
當涉及教育，大部分人認為教育很重要。
Our teacher majored in English in Beijing University many years ago．我們的老師多年前在北京大學主修英語。
The majority were graduates from this school．其中大多數都是這所學校的畢業生。
7．means n．方式；方法；途徑 【溫馨提示】means用作“方式；方法”時單復數同形。
（1） by this means　通過這種方法
by all means　無論如何；當然（口語）
by means of　用……辦法；借助……
by no means　決不，一點也不（位于句首時，句子用部分倒裝）
mean vi．　意思是；意味著；打算
mean doing sth．　意味著做某事
mean to do　打算做某事
Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China’s present is connected with its past．
書面漢語也成為中國現在與過去聯系的重要手段。
There is no doubt that Wechat is an important means of communication．毫無疑問，微信是一種重要的交流工具。
Students sometimes support themselves by means of doing part－time jobs．學生有時借助兼職工作養活自己。
By no means can you give up when you are in trouble．處境困難時絕對不能放棄。
Success means getting personal desires satisfied．成功意味著個人欲望得到滿足。
（1）Every possible means has been tried ，but none has worked．
（2）All possible means have been tried ，but none has worked．
所有可能的方法都嘗試過，但都沒有奏效。
8．regard n．尊重；關注　vt．把……視為；看待
（1）regard/consider… as…　認為……是……
（2）have high/no regard for…　高度關注/無視……
with/in regard to sth．　 關于某事
The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form which has become an important part of Chinese culture： Chinese calligraphy．
漢字作為一種藝術形式的發展，已經成為中國文化的重要組成部分：書法。
I regard this novel as one of the best novels I have ever read． 我認為這是我讀過的最好的小說中的一部。
She has no regard for other people's feelings． 她無視別人的感受。
In regard to his suggestions，we shall discuss them fully．關于你的建議，我們將充分討論。
I have nothing to say with regard to your complaints．關于你的抱怨，我沒什么好說的。
He knew nothing regarding the case．他對這個案子一無所知。
The novel is regarded as one of the classic works．這部小說被認為是經典作品之一。
9．appreciate vt．欣賞；重視；感激；領會　vi．增值
（1）appreciate＋n．/pron．/v．－ing　重視/感激……
I would appreciate it if…　假如……，我將不勝感激
（2）appreciation n．　欣賞； 感激
express one's appreciation to sb． for sth．　 表達對某人的感激之情
As China plays a greater role in global affairs，an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China’s culture and history through this amazing language．
隨著中國在國際事務中發揮越來越大的作用，越來越多的國際學生開始通過這種令人驚嘆的語言來欣賞中國的文化和歷史。
Many people can't fully appreciate the importance of regular exercise．許多人沒有充分認識到定期鍛煉的重要性。
I'd appreciate your writing me back as soon as possible．你盡早回信我將感激不盡。
Here I sincerely express my appreciation if you could help find the lost suitcase．
在此，我衷心感謝你能幫忙找到丟失的手提箱。
I appreciate being given the opportunity to work in your company two years ago．
我很感激兩年前能有機會在貴公司工作。
10．struggle n．& vi．斗爭；奮斗；搏斗
struggle for　努力爭取……；為……而斗爭
struggle against/with　與……作斗爭
struggle to do sth．　努力做某事
struggle to one's feet　掙扎著站起來
When I started studying German， it was a struggle．當我開始學習德語時，這是一場奮斗。
We have to struggle with all kinds of difficulties from home and abroad．我們必須和來自國內外的各種各樣的困難作斗爭。
After the accident， Tom struggled to his feet and dialed 119．出事后，湯姆掙扎著站起來并撥打了119。
He struggled to explain what he heard in his head． 他努力去解釋他在腦子里聽到的東西。
Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune．
他成年后的大部分時間都是在與債務和不幸的斗爭。
It was in 1862 that the American slaves won their struggle for freedom．
正是在1862年，美國的奴隸們贏得了他們爭取自由的斗爭。
11．equal n．同等的人；相等物； adj．相同的；同樣的
（1）be equal to sth．　等于/勝任某事
equal sb．/sth．in （doing） sth．　在（做）某事上比得過、敵得過某人/物
（2）equality n．　平等；相等
equally adv．　相等地；同等地；均等地；同樣地
Our relationship is close and we’re equals， so I only need a few words to bridge the gap between us．
我們的關系很親密，我們是平等的，所以我只需要幾句話來彌補我們之間的差距。
I knew it would help us achieve our dream of making black and white people equal．
我知道，這會幫我們實現黑人和白人平等的夢想。
Little joy can equal that of a surprising ending when you read stories．
曲折離奇的故事結尾給閱讀者的喜悅是無與倫比的。
Beethoven was a world-famous musician，who had no equal in music．
貝多芬是世界著名的音樂家，在音樂方面無人能比。
As far as I know，he is quite equal to the job．
據我所知，他能完全能勝任這份工作。
I don't think he is equal to doing this kind of work．
我認為他不太能勝任做這種工作
Your personal circumstances are equally important．
你的個人情況也同樣重要
12．demand n．要求；需求　vt．強烈要求；需要　vi．查問
（1）be in （great） demand　（迫切）需求
meet one's demands　滿足某人的需求
（2）demand to do sth．　要求做某事
demand that…（should） do…　要求……
（3）demanding adj．　高要求的；要求嚴格的
But if I'm talking to someone who isn't very close to me， I must make my request longer — and I must make it a question， not a demand，e.g…
但是如果我和一個不是很親近的人談話，我必須使請求更長些——我必須把它說成是一個問題，而不是要求，比如……
First， science graduates are in greater demand than art ones in China．
首先，在中國，對理科畢業生的需求比對文科生的更大。
The manager promised that they would try to meet their customers' demands．經理許諾他們會盡力滿足顧客的需求。
13．description n．描寫（文字）；形容
（1）beyond description　無法形容；難以描述
（2）describe vt．　描述；形容；描繪
Does the writer give a clear description of the problem？作者是否清楚地描述了這個問題？
He gave us a short description of the city．他給我們簡短地介紹了這個城市。
It is difficult to describe how I feel now．很難形容我現在的感受。
The beautiful sight of Mount Huangshan is beyond description．黃山的美麗景色令人難以形容。
14．relate vt．聯系；講述
（1）relate sth． to sb． 　向某人講述
relate to　與……相關；涉及；談到
（2）be related to　與……有關
（3）relation n．　關系；聯系
in relation to　關于
Does each sentence relate to the main idea？ 每句話都與主旨有關嗎？
He later related the whole story to me． 他后來給我講了整件事的來龍去脈。
I have a lot to say in relation to this affair．關于這件事，我有很多話要說。
It is said that the short English film is mainly related to the development of our school．
據說這部英文短片主要與我們學校發展有關。
15．refer to 提及；查閱；參考；談到；提交；把……稱作……；指的是
（1）refer to…as…　把……稱作……
（2）reference n．　言及，提及；參考；查閱
Pronouns （it，their，she， etc．） refer to something or somebody mentioned earlier．
代詞（it， their， she等）指的是前面提到的某物或某人。
As far as I know， he is referred to as a living Lei Feng．據我所知，他被稱為活著的雷鋒。
Make notes during lectures for reference later on．聽講座的時候記些筆記以便今后參考。
相關詞組
He never referred to his sisters in his letters．提到
They referred their plan to their director．把……提交給……
I didn’t know the word．I had to refer to a dictionary．查閱
What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to？指的是
16．date back （to…）追溯（到……）
（1）date back to＝date from　追溯到……
兩個都用主動語態，不用被動語態和進行時態，但可用動詞－ing形式作定語、補語、狀語等。
談論現存的物品或建筑物時，雖然這一事物建造于過去某一時期，但date from 和date back to卻用一般現在時。
（2）out of date　過時的，陳舊的
It dates back to several thousand years to longgu．它可以追溯到幾千年前的龍骨。
As far as I know， the old town dates from/back to the early Tang Dynasty．
據我所知，這個古老的城鎮可追溯到初唐時期。
I'd like to buy a new coat，because this one is out of date．我想買一個新外套，因為這個外套已經過時了。
In this remote village stands an ancient temple dating from hundreds of years ago．
在這個偏遠的村莊里，矗立著一座幾百年前的古廟
17．point of view 觀點；看法
依某人看來
I had finally come to a place where I could think in this foreign language， and I could see the world from a different point of view．
我終于來到了一個可以用外語思考的地方，我可以從一個不同的角度看世界。
From my point of view，you should turn to your teacher for help．依我看來，你應該向老師求助。
I respect your point of view，but I'm not sure I agree with you． 我尊重你的觀點，但我還是不敢茍同。
（1）In my opinion/view， you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities．
（2）As far as I’m concerned， you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities．
（3）From my point of view， you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities．
在我看來，通過這些活動你可以更好地了解春節。一句多譯
18．have trouble with sth． 做某事有困難
have trouble/difficulty with sth．　做某事有困難
have trouble/difficulty （in） doing sth．　做某事有麻煩/困難
I used to get high marks in English， but now I'm having a lot of trouble with my listening．
我以前英語成績很好，但是現在我的聽力有很多問題。
I am having some trouble with my classmates at the moment．眼下我和班上的同學有點兒麻煩。
If you have some trouble in getting along with your friends，you can write to them．
如果你在與朋友的相處上有問題，你可以給他們寫信。
19．“of＋抽象名詞”結構的具體用法是：
（1）名詞是use/importance/help/value/interest/quality/benefit/necessity等時，相當于其名詞所對應的形容詞，這類名詞前可用no， some， any， little， much， great等詞修飾。
（2）名詞是age/colour/size/height/depth/width/length等時，表示不同的人或物的共同特征，這類名詞前可用the same， different， good等修飾。
That writing system was of great importance （= very important）in uniting the Chinese people and culture．
這一書寫體系對于凝聚中國人和中國文化具有重要意義。
What you are saying is of no interest （＝not interesting） to me．你說的話讓我提不起興趣。
His opinion is considered to be of great value （＝very valuable）．大家一致認為他的觀點很有價值。
These flags are of different colours．這些旗幟顏色不同。
句型轉換
（1）Smoking is of no benefit to you．→Smoking is not beneficial to you．
（2）This line is as long as that one．→The two lines are of the same length．
20．no matter where…意為“無論在那里”，引導讓步狀語從句。
“no matter ＋ 疑問詞”結構與“疑問詞 ＋－ever”在用法上的異同：
“no matter ＋ 疑問詞”結構只能引導讓步狀語從句，這時可以和“疑問詞＋－ever”互換；
“疑問詞＋－ever”可引導讓步狀語從句，也可引導名詞性從句。
Even today， no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak， they can all still communicate in writing．
即使在今天，無論中國人住在哪里，說什么方言，他們仍然可以用書面交流。此處可以用wherever替換。
No matter how difficult it is， I'm going to finish the work ahead of time． （狀語從句）
無論有多么困難，我打算提前完成工作。
No matter what/Whatever you say， I won't believe you any longer． （狀語從句）無論你說什么，我再也不相信你了。
Whatever he said was right．（名詞性從句）無論他說什么都是對的。
句型轉換
（1）No matter what problem you have， turn to me．→Whatever problem you have， turn to me．
（2）However long it takes， we'll have to find the lost boy．→No matter how long it takes， we'll have to find the lost boy．
21．句子升級
①一場全校范圍的英語演講比賽可以提高學生講英語的能力。
A school－wide English speech contest can improve the students' ability to speak English．
②一場全校范圍的英語演講比賽將于7月4日下午2點在第一會議室舉行。
A school－wide English speech contest will be held in No．1 meeting room at 2 p．m．on July 4．
將句①和句②用不定式連成一個簡單句
In order to improve the students' ability to speak English，a school－wide English speech contest will be held in No．1 meeting room at 2 pm．on July 4．
③如果你想參加的話，請找你的班長報名。
If you are willing to take part， please go to your monitor to sign up．
將句③改成含有定語從句的復合句
Anyone who is willing to take part please go to your monitor to sign up．
⑤比賽將會非常精彩。
The contest will be wonderful．
⑥你不可錯過。
You can’t miss it．
將句⑤和句⑥連成一個并列句
The contest will be wonderful and you can’t miss it．
單元語法 關系副詞引導的定語從句
一、關系副詞（when， where， why）引導的定語從句
1．when引導定語從句時，先行詞為表示時間的名詞，關系詞在從句中作時間狀語。
I can never forget the day when I first saw you．
2．where引導定語從句時，先行詞為表示地點的名詞，關系詞在從句中作地點狀語。
After living in Paris for fifty years，he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child．
在巴黎生活了50年后，他回到了兒時成長的那個小鎮。（先行詞是town）
***where還可用在表示抽象意義的地點名詞后，如situation， stage， point， case， position， condition等。
The accident has reached to the point where both their parents are to be called in．
事情發展到如此地步，不得不請雙方家長來一趟了。
3．why引導定語從句時，先行詞通常是reason， 關系詞在從句中作原因狀語。
Unsuccessful people can always find reasons why they’re not doing well．不成功的人總能找到自己表現不好的理由。
***先行詞是the reason時，定語從句的引導詞需根據定語從句缺少的成分而定，如果缺少狀語，用why；
如果缺少主語或賓語，則用that/which，作賓語時可省略。
I don't believe the reason （that/which） he gave me for his being late．我不相信他給出的遲到的理由。
二、“介詞＋which/whom”引導的定語從句
1．“介詞＋關系代詞”結構引導定語從句時，關系代詞只能用which （指物） 或whom （指人），即介詞＋which/whom，并且不能省略。
If you have anything on which you want my opinions，feel free to see me．
I took a photo of the students， among whom was seated a teacher．
“介詞＋關系代詞（which/whom）”中介詞的選擇：一先，二動，三意義。
“一先”，即根據先行詞來確定介詞。
The factory in which I'm working mainly produces computers．
（in which代替in the factory，“在工廠里”用介詞in。）
“二動”，即根據定語從句中的謂語動詞來確定介詞。
In the dark street there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help．
（to whom代替to a person；turn to sb．for help“向某人求助”。）
“三意義”，即根據定語從句的意義來確定介詞。
In the office I never seem to have time until after 5：30 pm．，by which time many people have gone home．
3．介詞前有時加名詞、數詞等，構成“名詞/數詞/不定代詞＋of which/whom”結構，在定語從句中作主語。
English is a language shared by several diverse cultures， each of which uses it differently．
I collected some books， the covers of which （＝whose covers/of which the covers） are yellow with years．
***當定語從句中的謂語動詞短語是固定搭配不可分割時，那么該動詞短語中的介詞不能前置，如listen to， look at， look for， look into， depend on， make use of， pay attention to， take care of等。
This is the pen which I'm looking for．

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