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新外研版七年級上冊預備單元語法專項聚焦
可數名詞和不可數名詞
可數名詞和不可數名詞從名詞所表示的事物的性質來看,名詞分為可數名詞和不可數名詞兩類。
1.可數名詞和不可數名詞的辨別
(1)可數名詞有單數和復數兩種形式,而不可數名詞沒有復數形式。
pen-pens 鋼筆 water 水
(2)不定冠詞、基數詞可直接修飾可數名詞,表示數量;而不可數名詞的量用“冠詞/基數詞+表示計量單位的名詞+of+不可數名詞”結構表示。
an apple three books a piece of paper four cups of water
(3)可數名詞復數前可用many,some,any,few,a few 等修飾;不可數名詞前可用 much, some, any, little, a little等修飾。
many teachers some books a few friends
much money some juice a little water
提問可數名詞的數量用 how many,提問不可數名詞的量用 how much。
How many flowers do you have
How much bread do we need
可數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞的數要與主語的單復數保持一致;不可數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。
One peach is enough.
Bananas are in the basket.
Money is very important, but it is not everything.
注: “冠詞/基數詞+表示計量單位的名詞+of+不可數名詞”結構作主語時，謂語動詞的數要與表示計量單位的名詞的單復數一致。
A teaspoon of honey is not enough . Three teaspoons of it are just right.
可數名詞的復數形式
(1)規則變化:
①一般情況下，名詞后直接加-s;
ruler----rulers building ---- buildings
②以字母 s,x,ch,sh結尾的名詞,直接加-es;
bus----buses watch(手表)----watches box----boxes
③以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞,變y為i,然后加-es
city---- cities library---- libraries country----countries
④以字母 f/fe 結尾的名詞，一般將f/fe變成ves
leaf---- leaves knife ---- knives shelf---- shelves
⑤以字母o結尾的名詞加-s或-es
Photo----photos zoo---- zoos tomato----tomatoes potato -----potatoes
(2)不規則變化
①改變單數名詞中的元音字母。
man----men woman----women goose----geese 鵝 tooth----teeth 牙齒 foot----feet 足
②詞尾有變化。
child----children 孩子
③單數、復數形式相同。
sheep-sheep綿羊 deer-deer 鹿 Chinese-Chinese
(3)通常情況下,當一個名詞作定語修飾另一個名詞時,其復數形式只需將中心名詞變為復數形式。但當man 或woman修飾另一個名詞時,變復數要將中心名詞及 man 或 woman 都變成復數。
a girl student----girl students a man driver----men drivers
二、基數詞
基數詞指表示數目的詞。
1.基數詞的構成
(1)1-12的基數詞有其各自的形式:one,two,three,four,five,six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven,twelve 。
(2)13-19的基數詞以 -teen 結尾。如:fourteen, sixteen, seventeen, nineteen,但13 thirteen , 15 fifteen, 18 eighteen 的拼寫需要特殊記。
(3)20-90的整十數都以 -ty結尾。如:sixty, seventy, ninety,但 20 twenty,30 thirty,40 forty,50 fifty,80 eighty的拼寫較為特殊。
(4)21-99先說“幾十”,再說“幾”,在十位數與個位數之間加連字符。如:28---twenty-eight,35---thirty-five,44---forty-four.
2.基數詞的用法
(1)基數詞可用作主語、賓語、表語或定語。
Ten are students.十人是學生。(作主語)
Please give him one.請給他一個。(作賓語)
She is twelve.她12歲。(作表語)
She has two pens.她有兩支鋼筆。(作定語)
(2)基數詞置于名詞之后表示順序、編號等。如果數詞前有 No.,則“No.+ 數詞”置于名詞前面。
Unit1第一單元
Class Three 三班
He is a student in No. 9 Middle School.他是第九中學的一名學生。
(3)基數詞可表示年份、時間(鐘點)、電話號碼、年齡等。
I was born on July 12,1989.
-What's the time -It's six thirty.
-How old are you -I'm twelve.
三、冠詞
冠詞分為不定冠詞(a,an)和定冠詞(the)兩種。
1.不定冠詞 a/an,的用法
不定冠詞 a/an 只用在可數名詞單數前。a用在讀音以輔音音素開頭的單詞前,an用在讀音以元音音素開頭的單詞前。(1)泛指一類人或物,但不具體說明是何人或何物。
A horse is a useful animal.
(2)表示數量“一”這個概念,但數的概念沒有 one 強。
Jim has an apple every morning.
(3)表示第一次提到的人或事物,起介紹作用。
She is a new student.
(4)用在表示長度、數量、時間等計數單位的前面,表示“每一”。
We have three meals a day.
(5)用于某些固定短語中。
have a look take a walk
2.定冠詞 the 的用法
(1)表示特指的人或物。
The woman is my teacher.
(2)表示談話雙方都知道的人或物或上文中提到的人或物。
Open the door.
(3)表示世界上獨一無二的事物。
The earth is bigger than the moon.
(4)用在序數詞或最高級之前。
He is always the first person to come.
(5)與play連用,用在樂器類名詞前。
She is playing the piano.
(6)用在某些形容詞前,表示一類人或類事物。
the rich the poor the old the young
(7)用在姓氏的復數名詞前,表示一家人或夫婦二人。
the Browns
(8)與專有名詞連用。
the Great Wall 長城 the Summer Palace 頤和園
(9)用在一些固定短語中。
in the afternoon at the age of在……歲時
四、簡單句的基本句型
在英語中,由一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)構成的句子叫簡單句。簡單句的基本句型有:
1.主語+謂語,即S+V,簡稱“主謂”。
The class begins.開始上課了。
主語 謂語
2.主語+謂語+賓語,即 S+V+O,簡稱“主謂賓”。
She likes stamps.
主語 謂語 賓語
3.主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語,即S+V+O+0,簡稱“主謂賓賓”。
My mother bought me a pen.
主語 謂語 間接賓語 直接賓語
注:兩個賓語的位置可以改變。如果直接賓語在前,間接賓語前要加介詞 to 或for。上面的句子可改為“My mother bought a pen for me.”
3.主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語,即S+V+O+C,簡稱“主謂賓補”。
We found it useful.
主語 謂語 賓語 賓語補足語
5.主語+系動詞+表語,即 S+V+P,簡稱“主系表”。
Uncle Wang looks happy.
主語 系動詞 表語
拓展：常用的系動詞有:1“是”(be)1“覺”(feel),2“保持”(keep,stay),4個“起來”(look看起來，sound聽起來，smell聞起來,taste 嘗起來),1“好像”(seem),4個“變得”(become,turn,get,go)。
6.存現句(即 there be 結構).
五、一般過去時
1.一般過去時的含義
表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態,這種動作或狀態可能是一次性的,也可能是經常性的。表示過去發生的動作時,用行為動詞的過去式;表示過去的狀態時,用 be 動詞的過去式。
I was in Grade Six last year.
I watched TV last night.
2.一般過去時的基本用法
(1)表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態。
I met him in the street yesterday.
(2)表示過去的習慣性、經常性動作。
They often got up at seven last year.
(3)表示過去發生的一連串的動作,通常沒有時間狀語,而是通過上下文的暗示來判斷。
He got up , took a shower and then had a quick breakfast.
3.一般過去時的時間狀語
yesterday, the day before yesterday(前天)，ago(以前), just now(剛才), last night ( week, Sunday, month , year ), at that time(moment), then(那時), a few days(weeks, months, years)ago 等。
4.一般過去時的基本句型
(1)含有be動詞
否定句在 was, were 的后面加 not,一般疑問句是把 was, were 提到句首,并且首字母大寫。
肯定句：She was ill yesterday.
否定句：She was not ill yesterday.
一般疑問句：Was she ill yesterday
肯定回答：Yes, she was.
否定回答：No, she wasn’t.
(2)含有行為動詞
①肯定句:主語+動詞的過去式+其他.
He played football two days ago.
②否定句: 主語 + did not/didn't+ 動詞原形+其他.
He didn’t play football two days ago.
③一般疑問句:Did+主語+動詞原形+其他 肯定回答:Yes,主語+did.。否定回答:No,主語+ didn’t.。
--Did he play football yesterday
--Yes, he did. / --No, he didn’t.
④特殊疑問句:疑問詞(主語)+動詞的過去式+其他 /疑問詞+ did +主語+動詞原形+其他
Who helped you
What did you do last night
5.動詞過去式的構成
(1)動詞過去式的規則變化
① 一般在動詞詞尾直接加 -ed。
work--worked want--wanted
②以e結尾的動詞,直接加 -d。
live -- lived move-- moved
③以一個輔音字母結尾的重讀閉音節詞,雙寫這個輔音字母,再加 -ed。
stop--stopped plan -- planned
④以“輔音字母 +y”結尾的動詞,把y變成i,再加-ed。
study -- studied carry→ carried
注:以“元音字母+y”結尾的詞則直接加 -ed。
Play—played stay--stayed
(2)動詞過去式的不規則變化
① 動詞過去式與動詞原形一樣。
put-- put cut--cut
② 遇見i改為 a。
swim--swam sing--sang begin--began
③ 中間去e末尾加 t。
feel--felt keep--kept sleep--slept sweep—swept
④把i變為 o。
ride--rode drive--drove write—wrote
⑤ow/aw 變為 ew。
know--knew grow--grew draw--drew
⑥以d結尾的詞,把d變成t。
build--built lend--lent send--sent
六、形容詞
形容詞是詞類的一種，主要用來描寫或修飾名詞或代詞,表示人或事物的性質、狀態、特征或屬性,常用作定語,也可作表語或補語。
1.形容詞大體可以分為下面幾類
品質形容詞：happy healthy clean
類屬形容詞：local real right
顏色形容詞：red yellow blue
強調形容詞：perfect true complete
-ing 形容詞：exciting interesting boring
-ed 形容詞：excited interested bored
2.形容詞的基本形式
英文中大多數形容詞有三個等級:原級、比較級和最高級。其中比較級表示“更……”,用于兩者之間的比較,說明“前者比后者更(不)……”;最高級表示“最……”,用于三者或三者以上的人或事物進行比較。形容詞最高級前面常有定冠詞 the。
形容詞比較等級規則變化如下：
比較級、最高級變化規則
一般在詞尾加-er/-est.
high--higher--highest
以字母e結尾的詞在詞尾加 -r/-st.
late--later--latest
重讀閉音節詞,詞尾只有一個輔音字母,先雙寫該輔音字母,再加-er/-est.
hot--hotter--hottest thin--thinner--thinnest
以“輔音字母+y”結尾的雙音節詞，先變y為i，再加 -er/-est.
early--earlier—earliest easy--easier--easiest
多音節詞和部分雙音節詞,在詞前加more/most.
important--more important--most important beautiful--more beautiful--most beautiful
語法專練
一、單項選擇
1．My father has ________ for breakfast.
A．two piece of bread B．two pieces of bread C．two piece of breads D．two pieces of breads
2．Are you hungry Help yourself to some ________.
A．chickens and apples B．chickens and apple C．chicken and apple D．chicken and apples
3．There are three ________ in the game show.
A．women teachers B．women teacher C．woman teachers D．woman teacher
4．—How many ________ do you want —Four.
A．apple juice B．a glass of apple juice C．glasses of apple juice D．glasses of apples juice
5．He knows________ Chinese and has________ Chinese friends.
A．much, many B．many, much C．much, much D．many, many
6．There are ________ days in a week. Sunday is the ________ day of the week.
A．seven; first B．seven; one C．seventh; first
7．Danny lives in ________.
A．room 404 B．Room 404 C．404 room D．404 Room
8．Mike’s sister is ________.
A．four year old B．fourth years old C．four years old D．four-years-old
9．My sister likes playing ______ violin and I like playing ______ ping-pong.
A．the; the B．the; / C．/; the D．/; /
10．I learned a lot from _________ book. For example, oil is _________ kind of useful energy.
A．a; an B．the; a C．the;/ D．an; the
11．Helen wants to be ______ actor or ______ singer in the future.
A．a; a B．the; the C．an; a
12．Shall we go to ______ Summer Palace next weekend
A．a B．the C．an D．/
13．There is ______ apple tree in my garden. In ______ tree, there is ______ small house for the birds.
A．an; the; a B．an; the; an C．the; the; a D．an; the; the
14．Jack has ________ umbrella. ________ umbrella is new.
A．an; A B．an; the C．an; The
15．________ Smiths are having breakfast at home now.
A．A B．An C．The D．/
16．The businessman has promised to help ________ poor in west China.
A．/ B．a C．an D．the
17．I’m ________ at maths than Li lei, but Mary is the ________ in our class.
A．gooder; good B．gooder; best C．better; good D．better; best
18．A ________ diet is good for your ________.
A．healthy; healthy B．healthy; health C．health; healthy
19．The storybook is very ________. Amy is ________ in it.
A．interested; interested B．interesting; interested C．interesting; interesting
20．This garden is ________ than that one.
A．beautiful B．the most beautiful C．larger D．small
21．I think Pairs is _________ than Guangzhou.
A．more beautiful B．the most beautiful C．beautiful D．the more beautiful
22．Sam looks _________, because he has a new watch.
A．happy B．happily C．sad
23．The football match was so ________. All the people were ________. They shouted ________.
A．excitedly; excited; exciting B．excited; exciting; excitedly
C．exciting; excited; excitedly D．excitedly; exciting; excited
24．—______ Dongdong go to school by bus yesterday —No, he ______ to school.
A．Does; walk B．Did; walked C．Is; walking
25．—________ your sister busy yesterday —Yes, ________.
A．Did; she did B．Were; she was C．Was; she was
26．Mike _________ the earphones on the sofa a moment ago, but now they _________ there.
A．put; weren’t B．put; aren’t C．putted; are D．puts; are
27．Mr. Smith ________ swimming every weekend. But he ________ do it last week.
A．goes; didn’t B．goes to; didn’t C．went; doesn’t
二、用所給詞的正確形式填空。
28．— Could you tell me your (hobby), boys and girls — Sure.
29．We come from different (country).
30．We’d like three (glass) of (milk).
31．—Whose flowers are those —They’re for these (policeman).
32．My father’s are very big. (foot）
33．A few are in the park playing games.(child)
34．Catherine is a very careful girl and she never loses her . (key）
35．Many nice in the shop were on sale yesterday, so I bought one for my mother as her birthday gift. (watch)
36．There is too (many) water on the ground.
37．Emily took some great (photo) during her trip to London.
38．Do you like (tomato) and (strawberry)
參考答案：
一、選擇題
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.C 16.D 17.D 18.B 19.B 20.C 21.A 22.A 23.C 24.B 25.C 26.B 27.A
二、用所給單詞的正確形式填空。
28.hobbies
29.countries
30.glasses; milk
31.policemen
32.feet
33.children
34.keys
35.watches
36.much
37.photos
38. tomatoes; strawberries
2新外研版七上英語
Starter Welcome to junior high!
基礎知識梳理：
1.welcome to + 地點：歡迎來到某地；
2.make friends (with sb.): (與某人)交朋友；
3.first:第一（序數詞）；
拓展：second: 第二； third：第三
拓展：最初；首先（副詞）
at first 起初；起先
first of all 首先
4.ready: adj 準備好的
拓展：be/get ready for sth. 為某事做準備
Eg:We are getting ready for the party.
be/get ready to do sth. 準備做某事
Eg:We are ready to go.
5.put... in... 把......放于......中
Eg: Put them in your schoolbag.
拓展：put... into... 把......放于......里
Eg: He put that book into the box.
6.How about... = What about... ......怎么樣？
about用作介詞，后接名詞、代詞或動詞-ing形式做賓語。
7.辨析：“也”---- too與also
too用于肯定句或疑問句句末，其前可加逗號與其他內容隔開（也可以沒有逗號）；
also常用于肯定句句中，用于be動詞、助動詞或情態動詞之后，行為動詞之前；
8.be going to + do(動詞原形)：打算做某事；將要做某事
（一般將來時的一種結構）
9.there be +名詞（+地點狀語）表示某處有某物或某人
當有兩個或兩個以上的名次作并列主語時，be 的形式常采用就近原則。
Eg: There is a pen and two books on the desk.
There are two books and a pen on the desk.
will do sth. 將要做某事（一般將來時的一種結構）
love to do sth./ love doing sth. 喜愛做某事
show sb. around... 帶領某人參觀......
morning exercises 早操
拓展：exercise（可數名詞）體操；練習
Eg: I’m doing my exercises. 我正在做練習。
exercise（不可數名詞）鍛煉；運動
Eg: You need to do more exercise. 你需要多運動。
辨析：連詞or, and和but的用法
or--或者；表示選擇；
and--和，又；表示并列或順承關系；
but--但是；表示轉折關系。
play football 踢足球
拓展：play + 球類、棋類
play + the + 樂器
go home 回家
拓展：go to + 地點：去某地
注：當地點為home,here,there等副詞時，省略“to”。
join（動詞）參與，加入某項活動
辨析：join 與take part in
join指加入某個黨派、團體、組織等，使成為其中的一員；
拓展：join sb.in doing sth. 加入某人一起做某事
Eg:You can join the science club.
take part in多指參加群眾性活動
Eg:I took part in the English speech contest last week.
have got 有（多用于口語中，代替have）
主語為第三人稱單數時，用has got.
Eg:Our school has got six buildings.
many 許多
many + 可數名詞復數形式；
Eg:There are many students in the classroom.
拓展：much + 不可數名詞
Eg:There is much water in the bottle.
begin 開始
begin to do sth. /begin doing sth.開始做某事
拓展1：start to do sth./start doing sth. 開始做某事
拓展2：beginning (名詞)開始
at the beginning of... ......的開始
everyone(代詞)每個人，人人
拓展：像everyone\someone\anyone\something\anything\
nothing這些不定代詞做主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。
Eg:Everyone is here now.
like to do sth./like doing sth.喜歡做某事
enjoy 喜歡；享受......的樂趣
enjoy doing sth. 喜歡做某事
拓展：enjoy oneself 玩得愉快
反身代詞oneself: myself(我自己); yourself（你自己）; himself（他自己）; herself（她自己）; ourselves（我們自己）; yourselves（你們自己）; themselves（他們自己）
help (動詞)幫助
help sb (to) do sth.幫助某人做某事；
help sb with sth. 幫助某人某事
Eg:I often help my mother with the housework.
= I often help my mother (to) do the housework.
helpful(形容詞) 樂于助人的；有幫助的
拓展1: helpful的反義詞helpless(形容詞) 無助的
拓展2: helpful是由help加上后綴-ful構成的形容詞，類似的詞還有：
thank-- thankful 感激的，感謝的
use-- useful 有用的
forget --forgetful 健忘的
success-- successful 成功的
care-- careful 細心的
difficulty (名詞)困難；困境（是difficult的名次形式）
表示具體意義的“困難”時，是可數名詞，復數形式是difficulties;表示抽象意義的“困難”時，是不可數名詞。
have difficulty (in) doing sth.
Eg: I have difficulty (in) doing the work.
a bit + 形容詞/副詞 = a little + 形容詞/副詞
a bit of + 不可數名詞 = a little + 不可數名詞
excited (形容詞)激動的；興奮的
be excited to do sth. 做某事很興奮
Eg:He is excited to watch the lion dance.
辨析：excited與exciting
excited 說明人的感受(感到激動的) ；
exciting 說明事物（令人激動的）
Eg:He is excited about the exciting movie.
28.want sth. 想要某物
want to do sth. 想要做某事
want sb.（not）to do sth. 想要某人（不）做某事
29.feel
（連系動詞）感到，覺得，摸起來；后加形容詞
Eg: I feel hungry now.
（動詞）認為，以為；后加從句
Eg: I feel he is a kind person.
30.What kind of... 常用于詢問種類或類型
拓展：kind的相關短語
a kind of 一種
all kinds of 各種各樣的
many kinds of 許多種
different kinds of 不同種類的
kind of 有點兒
31.drink (名詞) 飲料
drink (動詞) 喝
32.decoration (可數名詞) 裝飾物
拓展：decorate(動詞) 裝飾
decorate...with... 用......裝飾......
Eg:They decorated the room with flowers and balloons.
bring (動詞) 拿來，帶來
bring sb. sth. = bring sth. for sb.
34.learn to do sth.學習/學會做某事

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