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新概念英語第二冊外刊精讀擴展講義
Rays of hope
Exposure to the sun's UV radiation may be good for you
For now, though, keep the sun cream handy
BASKING IN THE sun has been considered a health hazard for at least four decades. The main risk comes from ultraviolet (UV) light, which the Sun emits alongside visible radiation. This can increase the chances of skin cancer—the number of diagnoses of which are rising—as well as bringing on premature ageing and leading to wrinkles. As a result, most developed countries recommend sunbathers protect their skin in the heat of the day with sun cream, especially in the summer months.
The risks UV poses are real, but new research suggests it may be time to consider the benefits. According to a study published recently in Health and Place, increased UV exposure appears to make people significantly less likely to die from cardiovascular disease as well as cancer. The risk of dying from melanoma skin cancer, the deadliest form of skin cancer, did not meaningfully change with UV exposure. Although smaller-scale studies have previously nodded at health benefits, this is the largest study to show a direct correlation between UV exposure and longer lifespans.
To conduct their analysis, the researchers from the University of Edinburgh used data from over 360,000 people in the UK Biobank, a database. They identified two cohorts more likely to have high UV exposure: those who claimed to use sunbeds or sunlamps; and those living in sunnier locations. To check that their assumptions about the subjects' UV exposure were correct, the scientists also looked at vitamin D levels in a subset of blood samples. As vitamin D is synthesised in the skin in the presence of certain forms of UV radiation, it is a reliable indicator of solar exposure.
The researchers then examined the subjects' death rates while correcting for other confounding factors, including age, gender, smoking and socio-economic status (in Britain, those who live in sunnier climes are typically wealthier). They also corrected for exercise, as some sun-seekers might lead healthier outdoor lives.
Their analysis showed that sunbed-users were 23% less likely to die of cardiovascular disease, and 14% less likely to die of cancer, than non-users. Similar trends held depending on where people lived. Someone living in Truro, for example, in the south of Britain, would on average experience about 25% more solar shortwave radiation (a measure that includes UV, visible and some infrared light) in a year than someone living in Glasgow or Edinburgh, which are much further north. The team concluded this translated to a 19% lower risk of dying from cardiovascular disease and 12% lower risk of dying from cancer. Sunbed-users, in other words, lived an average of 48 days longer than non-users over the 15 years during which they were studied. The corresponding figure for those living in sunnier spots was 26 days.
According to Richard Weller, who co-led the study, most UV exposure guidance has thus far been firmly focused on preventing melanoma skin cancer. But, he says, "Many times more people die from other cancers and diseases. We have to think about how UV radiation could help them avoid illness."
The exact mechanism whereby UV light might lengthen lives is unknown. The authors, for their part, believe part of the explanation may lie in vitamin D's ability to boost the immune system and improve bone health. They also point to nitric oxide, a potent blood-vessel widener capable of reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Research published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology in 2014 showed that nitric oxide is released in skin cells that have moderate exposure to some UV radiation, and sunlight helps move it into the circulatory system where it could have health-boosting effects. The researchers hope that future studies might further clarify the causal chain.
There are other questions that need answering. For one thing, Dr Weller's team was able to analyse data only from individuals living in Britain: different attitudes to the risks and benefits of sun exposure could arise in other places. Owing to the structure of the data, they also could not control for sun-cream use.
Most important, perhaps, they studied participants only of mostly white European ancestry, to ensure the response to UV was consistent. "We know that skin colour affects your body's response to UV light and we don't yet know how," says Dr Weller. As people with darker skin are most at risk from vitamin D deficiency, more research on how UV exposure affects this population is called for, says Frank de Gruijl, an emeritus professor of dermatology at Leiden University Medical Centre. "We need to dig into the biology."
The new research may prompt scientists and health experts to look deeper into the benefits of UV exposure versus its risks and, perhaps in the future, make available more nuanced advice about how different groups of people can best stay safe in the sun. But for now, experts agree, the study is not a licence to stop wearing sun cream. ■
雙語精讀
1
BASKING IN THE sun has been considered a health hazard for at least four decades. The main risk comes from ultraviolet (UV) light, which the Sun emits alongside visible radiation. This can increase the chances of skin cancer—the number of diagnoses of which are rising—as well as bringing on premature ageing and leading to wrinkles. As a result, most developed countries recommend sunbathers protect their skin in the heat of the day with sun cream, especially in the summer months.
曬太陽對身體有害的觀念至少已存在40年。這主要是因為太陽除了發射可見光外，還會釋放出紫外線（UV）。紫外線增加了患皮膚癌的風險——而且相關的診斷數量正逐年增加。同時，紫外線還會導致皮膚提早老化和皺紋的形成。因此，大多數發達國家建議，在日照強烈的時段，尤其是夏季，日光浴者應涂抹防曬霜來保護皮膚。
詞匯精講
hazard / h z rd/
名詞，表示：危險；風險
英文釋義：a danger or risk.
例句：Growing levels of pollution represent a serious health hazard to the local population. 日益嚴重的污染對當地人民的健康構成了重大威脅。
固定搭配：safety hazard 安全隱患
同義替換：risk 風險
ultraviolet / ltr va l t/
形容詞，表示：紫外的
英文釋義：relating to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light.
例句：Wearing sunscreen is essential to protect your skin from ultraviolet rays. 涂抹防曬霜對保護皮膚免受紫外線的傷害至關重要。
emit / m t/
動詞，表示：發射；散發
英文釋義：to send out; discharge.
例句：The factory emits harmful gases into the atmosphere. 工廠向大氣中排放有害氣體。
固定搭配：emit light 發光
radiation / re di e n/
名詞，表示：輻射
英文釋義：the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles.
例句：Exposure to radiation can have various health effects. 接觸輻射可能導致各種健康問題。
固定搭配：nuclear radiation 核輻射
diagnose / da ɡno z/
動詞，表示：診斷
英文釋義：to identify a disease or illness through examination.
例句：The doctor was able to diagnose the patient's condition accurately. 醫生成功準確地診斷了患者的病情。
固定搭配：diagnose a problem 診斷問題
premature / pr m t r/
形容詞，表示：過早的；提前發生的
英文釋義：occurring or done before the usual or proper time.
例句：Premature birth can lead to various health complications. 早產可能導致各種健康并發癥。
固定搭配：premature aging 過早衰老
wrinkles / r k lz/
名詞，表示：皺紋
英文釋義：lines on the skin caused by old age or other factors.
例句：She started using anti-wrinkle cream to reduce the appearance of wrinkles. 她開始使用抗皺霜減少皺紋的出現。
固定搭配：fine wrinkles 細紋
recommend / r k m nd/
動詞，表示：推薦；建議
英文釋義：to suggest that someone or something would be good or suitable for a particular job or purpose.
例句：I recommend this book to anyone interested in learning about history. 我推薦這本書給任何對歷史感興趣的人。
固定搭配：recommend a product 推薦一種產品
同義替換：suggest 建議
sun cream /s n krim/
名詞短語，表示：防曬霜
英文釋義：a lotion applied to the skin to protect it from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays.
例句：It's important to apply sun cream before going out in the sun. 出門前涂抹防曬霜非常重要。
2
The risks UV poses are real, but new research suggests it may be time to consider the benefits. According to a study published recently in Health and Place, increased UV exposure appears to make people significantly less likely to die from cardiovascular disease as well as cancer. The risk of dying from melanoma skin cancer, the deadliest form of skin cancer, did not meaningfully change with UV exposure. Although smaller-scale studies have previously nodded at health benefits, this is the largest study to show a direct correlation between UV exposure and longer lifespans.
紫外線（UV）確實存在健康風險，但最新的研究提示，我們可能需要重新評估其潛在的好處。最近發表在《健康與地點》（Health and Place）雜志上的一項研究顯示，增加紫外線的接觸顯著降低了人們死于心血管疾病和癌癥的幾率。不過，即使紫外線接觸增加，死于最致命的黑色素瘤皮膚癌的風險并沒有顯著變化。盡管以前的小規模研究已經指出了紫外線的某些健康益處，但這項是目前為止最大規模的研究，首次直接證實了紫外線接觸與延長壽命之間存在直接關聯。
詞匯精講
pose /po z/
動詞，表示：構成；帶來
英文釋義：to present.
例句：The new regulations pose a challenge for small businesses. 新規定給小企業帶來了挑戰。
固定搭配：pose a threat 帶來威脅
同義替換：present 提出
exposure / k spo r/
名詞，表示：暴露；接觸
英文釋義：the state of being exposed to contact with something.
例句：Long-term exposure to pollution can have serious health effects. 長期接觸污染物可能會對健康造成嚴重影響。
固定搭配：sun exposure 日曬
significantly /s ɡ n f k ntli/
副詞，表示：顯著地；重要地
英文釋義：in a way that is large or important enough to be noticed or have an effect.
例句：The new treatment significantly improved the patient's condition. 新的治療顯著改善了患者的病情。
固定搭配：increase significantly 顯著增加
同義替換：substantially 實質性地
cardiovascular / kɑ r.di.o v s.kj .l r/
形容詞，表示：心血管的
英文釋義：relating to the heart and blood vessels.
例句：Regular exercise is important for maintaining good cardiovascular health. 經常鍛煉對保持良好的心血管健康至關重要。
固定搭配：cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病
melanoma / mel. no .m /
名詞，表示：黑色素瘤
英文釋義：a type of skin cancer that can be very dangerous and needs to be treated quickly.
例句：Early detection is crucial for successfully treating melanoma. 早期發現對成功治療黑色素瘤至關重要。
meaningfully / mi n f li/
副詞，表示：有意義地
英文釋義：in a way that is significant or important.
例句：The new policy change will meaningfully impact the local community. 新的政策變化將有意義地影響當地社區。
correlation / k r le n/
名詞，表示：相關性；相互關系
英文釋義：a connection or relationship between two or more things.
例句：There is a strong correlation between smoking and lung cancer. 吸煙和肺癌之間存在著很強的相關性。
固定搭配：positive correlation 正相關
同義替換：connection 連接
lifespan / la fsp n/
名詞，表示：壽命；生命周期
英文釋義：the length of time a person, animal, or thing exists or functions.
例句：Advancements in medicine have led to longer lifespans in many societies. 醫學的進步導致許多社會的壽命延長。
3
To conduct their analysis, the researchers from the University of Edinburgh used data from over 360,000 people in the UK Biobank, a database. They identified two cohorts more likely to have high UV exposure: those who claimed to use sunbeds or sunlamps; and those living in sunnier locations. To check that their assumptions about the subjects' UV exposure were correct, the scientists also looked at vitamin D levels in a subset of blood samples. As vitamin D is synthesised in the skin in the presence of certain forms of UV radiation, it is a reliable indicator of solar exposure.
為了進行這項研究，愛丁堡大學的研究團隊使用了英國生物銀行（UK Biobank）收集的超過36萬人的數據。他們找出了兩個可能較頻繁接觸紫外線（UV）的群體：一是經常使用日光浴床或日光燈的人，二是居住在日照充足地區的人。為了驗證他們對參與者紫外線接觸的假設是否準確，科學家們還檢測了一部分血樣中的維生素D水平。維生素D在紫外線照射下會在皮膚中合成，因此它是判斷太陽曝曬程度的可靠指標。
詞匯精講
analysis / n l s s/
名詞，表示：分析；分析過程
英文釋義：the process of studying or examining something in detail.
例句：The analysis of the data revealed interesting trends. 對數據的分析揭示了有趣的趨勢。
固定搭配：statistical analysis 統計分析
同義替換：examination 檢查
database / de t be s/
名詞，表示：數據庫
英文釋義：a structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways.
例句：The company's database contains valuable customer information. 公司的數據庫中包含有價值的客戶信息。
cohort / ko h rt/
名詞，表示：隊列；群體
英文釋義：a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience.
例句：The study followed a cohort of students over a period of five years. 這項研究追蹤了一群學生五年。
固定搭配：age cohort 年齡群體
sunbed / s n b d/
名詞，表示：日光浴床
英文釋義：a bed-like structure with a system of lights, used for tanning the skin.
例句：Using a sunbed increases the risk of skin damage. 使用日光浴床會增加皮膚受損的風險。
sunlamp / s n l mp/
名詞，表示：日光燈
英文釋義：a lamp that emits ultraviolet light, used for tanning or therapeutic purposes.
例句：Doctors may recommend sunlamp therapy for certain skin conditions. 醫生可能會建議使用日光燈治療某些皮膚問題。
assumption / s mp n/
名詞，表示：假設；設想
英文釋義：things that are accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.
例句：The success of the project was based on several key assumptions. 項目成功的基礎是幾個關鍵的假設。
synthesise / s nθ sa z/
動詞，表示：合成；綜合
英文釋義：to combine different elements to form a coherent whole.
例句：The new drug was synthesised using advanced techniques. 這種新藥是利用先進技術合成的。
presence / pr z ns/
名詞，表示：存在；出現
英文釋義：the fact or condition of being present in a particular place.
例句：Her presence at the meeting was unexpected. 她在會議上的出現出人意料。
固定搭配：physical presence 實體存在
同義替換：existence 存在
reliable /r la bl/
形容詞，表示：可靠的；可信賴的
英文釋義：able to be trusted to do or provide what is needed; trustworthy.
例句：A reliable car is essential for long commutes. 一輛可靠的汽車對長途通勤至關重要。
indicator / nd ke t r/
名詞，表示：指示物；指標
英文釋義：a thing, especially a trend or fact, that indicates the state or level of something.
例句：Rising unemployment rates can be an indicator of an economic downturn. 不斷上升的失業率可能是經濟衰退的指標。
4
The researchers then examined the subjects' death rates while correcting for other confounding factors, including age, gender, smoking and socio-economic status (in Britain, those who live in sunnier climes are typically wealthier). They also corrected for exercise, as some sun-seekers might lead healthier outdoor lives.
在研究受試者的死亡率時，研究人員考慮并調整了包括年齡、性別、吸煙以及社會經濟地位（在英國，通常居住在陽光充足的地方的人收入較高）等多種可能的干擾因素。此外，他們還考慮到了體育鍛煉的影響，因為那些喜愛陽光的人往往會有更多的戶外活動，從而過著更健康的生活。
詞匯精講
confounding /k n fa nd /
形容詞，表示：混淆的；困惑的
英文釋義：causing confusion or surprise by being unexpected.
例句：The results were confounding, as they contradicted previous findings. 結果令人困惑，因為它們與先前的發現相矛盾。
固定搭配：confounding factors 混淆因素
同義替換：perplexing 令人困惑的
clime /kla m/
名詞，表示：氣候；地區
英文釋義：a region considered with reference to its climate.
例句：People from colder climes often seek warmer vacation destinations. 來自寒冷地區的人經常尋找更溫暖的度假地點。
固定搭配：warmer climes 更溫暖的氣候
5
Their analysis showed that sunbed-users were 23% less likely to die of cardiovascular disease, and 14% less likely to die of cancer, than non-users. Similar trends held depending on where people lived. Someone living in Truro, for example, in the south of Britain, would on average experience about 25% more solar shortwave radiation (a measure that includes UV, visible and some infrared light) in a year than someone living in Glasgow or Edinburgh, which are much further north.
研究結果表明，使用日光浴床的人相比不使用的人，心血管疾病的死亡風險降低了23%，癌癥的死亡風險降低了14%。此外，居住地的日照情況也對這些數據有影響。例如，在英國南部的特魯羅（Truro），居民每年接收到的太陽短波輻射量（包括紫外線、可見光及部分紅外線）比北部的格拉斯哥（Glasgow）或愛丁堡（Edinburgh）多出大約25%。
詞匯精講
on average
短語，表示：平均；通常來說
英文釋義：typically, typically representing a usual amount or estimate.
例句：On average, students spend about six hours a day studying. 通常來說，學生每天學習約六個小時。
solar / s l r/
形容詞，表示：太陽的；太陽能的
英文釋義：relating to or determined by the sun.
例句：Solar energy is becoming more popular as a sustainable power source. 太陽能作為可持續能源的應用越來越普遍。
infrared / nfr red/
形容詞，表示：紅外線的
英文釋義：having a wavelength longer than that of the red end of the visible spectrum but shorter than that of microwaves.
例句：Infrared cameras can detect heat signatures not visible to the naked eye. 紅外攝像頭可以探測肉眼看不見的熱量標記。
6
The team concluded this translated to a 19% lower risk of dying from cardiovascular disease and 12% lower risk of dying from cancer. Sunbed-users, in other words, lived an average of 48 days longer than non-users over the 15 years during which they were studied. The corresponding figure for those living in sunnier spots was 26 days.
基于這一點，研究團隊得出結論，住在陽光較多地區的人心血管疾病的死亡風險降低了19%，癌癥死亡風險降低了12%。也就是說，在這15年的研究中，使用日光浴床的人平均比不使用的人多活了48天，而住在陽光較多的地區的居民則多活了26天。
詞匯精講
corresponding / k r sp nd /
形容詞，表示：相應的；對應的
英文釋義：similar in character, form, or function; comparable in position, purpose, or function.
例句：The increase in sales was not matched by a corresponding increase in profits. 銷售增長沒有對應的利潤增長。
7
According to Richard Weller, who co-led the study, most UV exposure guidance has thus far been firmly focused on preventing melanoma skin cancer. But, he says, "Many times more people die from other cancers and diseases. We have to think about how UV radiation could help them avoid illness."
理查德·韋勒（Richard Weller），這項研究的聯合負責人表示，迄今為止，大多數有關紫外線（UV）的防護指南主要目的是防止黑色素瘤皮膚癌的發生。但他指出：“實際上，死于其他類型的癌癥和疾病的人數要遠多于黑色素瘤。我們應該考慮如何利用紫外線輻射來幫助人們避免生病?！?br/>詞匯精講
guidance / ɡa d ns/
名詞，表示：指導；建議
英文釋義：advice or information aimed at resolving a problem or difficulty, especially as given by someone in authority.
例句：The teacher's guidance was instrumental in helping the students succeed. 老師的指導對幫助學生成功起到了關鍵作用。
avoid / v d/
動詞，表示：避免
英文釋義：keep away from or stop oneself from doing something.
例句：Drivers should avoid distractions while on the road. 駕駛員應該避免在路上分心。
固定搭配：avoid illness 避免疾病
同義替換：prevent 阻止
8
The exact mechanism whereby UV light might lengthen lives is unknown. The authors, for their part, believe part of the explanation may lie in vitamin D's ability to boost the immune system and improve bone health. They also point to nitric oxide, a potent blood-vessel widener capable of reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Research published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology in 2014 showed that nitric oxide is released in skin cells that have moderate exposure to some UV radiation, and sunlight helps move it into the circulatory system where it could have health-boosting effects. The researchers hope that future studies might further clarify the causal chain.
目前尚不清楚紫外線（UV）具體是如何延長生命的。研究作者們認為，這可能與維生素D增強免疫系統和改善骨骼健康的功能有關。他們還指出，一氧化氮這種強效的血管擴張劑，能有效降低心血管疾病的風險?！墩{查性皮膚學雜志》（Journal of Investigative Dermatology）2014年的一項研究顯示，皮膚細胞在適度暴露于某些紫外線后會釋放一氧化氮，陽光則幫助這種氣體進入循環系統，從而可能發揮促進健康的作用。研究人員希望未來的研究能進一步闡明這一因果關系。
詞匯精講
mechanism / m k n z m/
名詞，表示：機制；原理
英文釋義：a process or system that is used to produce a particular result.
例句：Understanding the mechanism behind a phenomenon is crucial for scientific advancement. 理解現象背后的機制對科學進步至關重要。
固定搭配：mechanism of action 行動機制
lengthen / l θ n/
動詞，表示：延長
英文釋義：to make or become longer.
例句：Regular exercise can help lengthen your lifespan. 定期鍛煉可以延長你的壽命。
固定搭配：lengthen lives 延長壽命
boost /bu st/
動詞，表示：提高；增強
英文釋義：to help or encourage something to increase or improve.
例句：A healthy diet can boost your overall well-being. 健康的飲食可以提高你的整體健康。
固定搭配：boost the economy 促進經濟
同義替換：enhance 增強
immune system / mju n s st m/
名詞短語，表示：免疫系統
英文釋義：the bodily system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response.
例句：A strong immune system is vital for fighting off infections. 健康的免疫系統對抵抗感染至關重要。
nitric oxide / na tr k ksa d/
名詞短語，表示：一氧化氮
英文釋義：a colorless, toxic gas with a sharp odor, involved in various physiological processes in the body.
例句：Nitric oxide plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure. 一氧化氮在調節血壓中起著至關重要的作用。
potent / po t nt/
形容詞，表示：有效的；強有力的
英文釋義：having great power, influence, or effect.
例句：The new drug is potent in treating certain types of cancer. 這種新藥在治療某些癌癥方面非常有效。
固定搭配：potent effect 強大的效果
moderate / m d r t/
形容詞，表示：適度的；中等的
英文釋義：neither very great nor very small in amount, size, strength, or degree.
例句：A moderate amount of exercise is recommended for overall health. 適量的運動對整體健康有益。
circulatory system / s rkj l t ri s st m/
名詞短語，表示：循環系統
英文釋義：the system of organs and tissues, including the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lymphatics, involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body.
例句：The circulatory system is essential for delivering nutrients to cells. 循環系統對向細胞提供營養至關重要。
causal / k z l/
形容詞，表示：因果關系的
英文釋義：relating to or acting as a cause.
例句：Researchers aim to identify the causal factors behind the disease. 研究人員旨在找出這種疾病背后的因果因素。
固定搭配：causal relationship 因果關系
9
There are other questions that need answering. For one thing, Dr Weller's team was able to analyse data only from individuals living in Britain: different attitudes to the risks and benefits of sun exposure could arise in other places. Owing to the structure of the data, they also could not control for sun-cream use.
還有其他一些問題亟待解決。例如，韋勒博士（Dr Weller）的研究團隊只能分析在英國居住者的數據：不同地區對陽光暴露的風險和益處的看法可能會有所不同。另外，由于數據結構的限制，他們也無法考慮防曬霜使用的影響。
詞匯精講
individual / nd v d l/
名詞，表示：個人；個體
英文釋義：a single human being, as distinguished from a group.
例句：Each individual has unique preferences and opinions. 每個個體都有獨特的偏好和看法。
固定搭配：individual rights 個人權利
attitude / t tud/
名詞，表示：態度；看法
英文釋義：a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically one that is reflected in a person's behavior.
例句：Having a positive attitude can greatly impact your success. 擁有積極的態度可以極大地影響你的成功。
同義替換：perspective 觀點
structure / str kt r/
名詞，表示：結構；構造
英文釋義：the arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something complex.
例句：The company is reevaluating its organizational structure. 公司正在重新評估其組織結構。
固定搭配：social structure 社會結構
10
Most important, perhaps, they studied participants only of mostly white European ancestry, to ensure the response to UV was consistent. "We know that skin colour affects your body's response to UV light and we don't yet know how," says Dr Weller. As people with darker skin are most at risk from vitamin D deficiency, more research on how UV exposure affects this population is called for, says Frank de Gruijl, an emeritus professor of dermatology at Leiden University Medical Centre. "We need to dig into the biology."
最重要的一點或許是，研究者們主要調查了大多數為白種歐洲血統的參與者，以確保他們對紫外線的反應具有一致性。韋勒博士（Dr Weller）解釋說：“我們知道皮膚顏色會影響人體對紫外線的反應，但具體的影響機制尚不清楚?！比R登大學醫學中心（Leiden University Medical Centre）皮膚科榮譽教授弗蘭克·德·格魯伊爾（Frank de Gruijl）指出，由于深色皮膚的人群更容易出現維生素D缺乏，需要對紫外線對這些人群的影響進行更多研究。“我們需要深入了解這一生物學過程?！?br/>詞匯精講
participant /pɑ r t s p nt/
名詞，表示：參與者；參加者
英文釋義：a person who takes part in or is entered in a competition or other situation.
例句：All participants in the study provided informed consent. 研究中的所有參與者都提供了知情同意。
固定搭配：active participant 積極參與者
同義替換：attendee 參加者
ancestry / nsestri/
名詞，表示：血統；祖先
英文釋義：one's family or ethnic descent.
例句：She traced her ancestry back to the Mayflower settlers. 她追溯到了《五月花號》的移民祖先。
consistent /k n s st nt/
形容詞，表示：一致的；始終如一的
英文釋義：unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time.
例句：Her performance has been consistently outstanding. 她的表現一直都非常出色。
固定搭配：consistent results 一致的結果
deficiency /d f nsi/
名詞，表示：缺乏；不足
英文釋義：a lack or shortage.
例句：Iron deficiency can lead to anemia. 缺鐵可以導致貧血。
同義替換：shortage 短缺
emeritus / m r t s/
形容詞，表示：名譽退休的；退休的
英文釋義：having retired but allowed to retain their title as an honor.
例句：He was appointed Professor Emeritus after his retirement. 退休后他被任命為名譽教授。
dermatology / d rm t l d i/
名詞，表示：皮膚病學
英文釋義：the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders.
例句：She decided to specialize in dermatology after her internship. 她在實習后決定專攻皮膚病學。
dig into
短語動詞，表示：深入研究；鉆研
英文釋義：to investigate thoroughly; to delve into.
例句：Researchers need to dig into the underlying causes of the phenomenon. 研究人員需要深入研究這一現象的根本原因。
固定搭配：dig into the details 深入細節
11
The new research may prompt scientists and health experts to look deeper into the benefits of UV exposure versus its risks and, perhaps in the future, make available more nuanced advice about how different groups of people can best stay safe in the sun. But for now, experts agree, the study is not a licence to stop wearing sun cream. ■
這項新研究可能會促使科學家和健康專家更加深入地研究紫外線暴露的益處與風險，并有望在未來為不同人群提出更精準的日曬安全建議。但目前，專家們一致認為，這項研究并不是停止使用防曬霜的借口。
詞匯精講
prompt /pr mpt/
動詞，表示：促使；激勵
英文釋義：to cause someone to do something.
例句：The results of the study may prompt further investigations into the effects of UV exposure. 研究結果可能促使進一步調查紫外線暴露的影響。
expert / ksp t/
名詞，表示：專家；專家人士
英文釋義：a person who is very knowledgeable about or skillful in a particular area.
例句：Health experts are analyzing the implications of the new research findings. 健康專家正在分析新研究結果的影響。
固定搭配：legal expert 法律專家
同義替換：specialist 專家
versus / v s s/
介詞，表示：與...相對比；對抗
英文釋義：against; in contrast to.
例句：The debate is often framed as nature versus nurture. 這場辯論經常被框定為自然與養育之間的對抗。
available / ve l bl/
形容詞，表示：可獲得的；可利用的
英文釋義：able to be used or obtained.
例句：More research is needed before this treatment will be widely available. 在這種治療方法被廣泛應用之前需要進行更多研究。
固定搭配：available resources 可利用資源
nuanced / nju ɑ nst/
形容詞，表示：微妙的；細致入微的
英文釋義：characterized by subtle shades of meaning or expression.
例句：The issue is complex and requires a nuanced approach to understand fully. 這個問題很復雜，需要一種細致入微的方法才能完全理解。

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