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題型二　閱讀理解七選五
考情分析
從濟(jì)南市近年來(lái)中考試題來(lái)看，閱讀理解七選五詞數(shù)通常在220～280之間，體裁以說(shuō)明文為主。話題涉及自我認(rèn)識(shí)、旅行度假、校園生活、文化藝術(shù)等。
微技能
微技能1　把握上下文語(yǔ)境
若文中沒有明顯的詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)、邏輯關(guān)系等關(guān)鍵詞或句式的提示，考生可通過(guò)理解挖空處上下文語(yǔ)境來(lái)作答。解題的具體方法如下：
方法1：結(jié)合與前文/后文關(guān)系推斷
第1步：把握主旨：理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容和事件的發(fā)生時(shí)間及發(fā)展過(guò)程；
第2步：瞻前顧后：根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)或事情發(fā)展順序，找出設(shè)空處與后文之間的關(guān)系（常見有承上啟下、總結(jié)、解釋）；
第3步：仔細(xì)對(duì)比：根據(jù)前后文關(guān)系，聯(lián)系語(yǔ)境與備選項(xiàng)，仔細(xì)對(duì)比選出正確答案。
方法2：明確人稱代詞和指示代詞等所指代的具體內(nèi)容
第1步：注意空前空后句中出現(xiàn)的代詞，并確定其意義；
第2步：弄清代詞指代的是單數(shù)名詞還是復(fù)數(shù)名詞（it單數(shù)）或不可數(shù)名詞還是整個(gè)句子；they/them復(fù)數(shù)；one泛指單數(shù)可數(shù)；ones泛指復(fù)數(shù)；that特指單數(shù)或不可數(shù)；this特指單數(shù)或句子；these/those特指復(fù)數(shù)名詞；
第3步：結(jié)合指代意義和單復(fù)數(shù)解題。
微技能2　理清邏輯關(guān)系
方法1：并列/遞進(jìn)關(guān)系
表示并列/遞進(jìn)關(guān)系常見的詞有：and， first， second， firstly， secondly， next， then， not only. ..but also. ..， also， besides， even， in addition （to）， what’s more等。正確選項(xiàng)常包含與上下文關(guān)鍵信息同義、近義或同一感彩的內(nèi)容。
方法2：解釋例證關(guān)系
第1步：把握主旨：速讀全文，關(guān)注每段首句尾句，理清邏輯，了解主旨大意；
第2步：找舉例/推理關(guān)系：在原文和備選項(xiàng)中，找出句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系；
第3步：根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系，仔細(xì)對(duì)比選項(xiàng)與原文，確定正確答案。
表示舉例/推理關(guān)系的常見短語(yǔ)有：in other words， that is （to say）， it means...， in fact， such as， for example 等。
方法3：轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系
表示轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系常見的詞有：however， but， otherwise， yet， though， although， even if等。正確選項(xiàng)常與轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系詞后的句子具有相反意義。
方法4：因果關(guān)系
表示因果關(guān)系常見的詞有：because， because of， so， for， since， as， thanks to， for this reason， therefore， thus， as a result等。
微技能3　搜尋關(guān)鍵詞
介紹段落主旨時(shí)，常會(huì)有核心詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)，但不是詞語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，而是核心詞以同義詞、近義詞或不同詞性的詞出現(xiàn)。在做題時(shí)，注意選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的與原文意思相同，相近或相反的詞匯。
方法1：同詞復(fù)現(xiàn)
同詞復(fù)現(xiàn)指某一詞在設(shè)空處前后和備選項(xiàng)中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。注意復(fù)現(xiàn)的詞要能以不同的詞性、數(shù)、格、時(shí)態(tài)等形式出現(xiàn)。答題時(shí)需通讀上下文，注意空前空后句子中與備選項(xiàng)中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的相同詞匯。
方法2：近、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)
近、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是指設(shè)空處前后句中某一詞與選項(xiàng)中某一詞為近義關(guān)系，如glad與happy， start與stop等。答題時(shí)需要通讀上下文，注意空前空后句子中與備選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的互為近義關(guān)系的詞匯或語(yǔ)義。
方法3：派生詞復(fù)現(xiàn)
派生詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是指設(shè)空處前后句中某一詞和備選項(xiàng)中某一詞的關(guān)系為派生關(guān)系，即可通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法轉(zhuǎn)換。答題時(shí)需要注意空前空后句子中與備選項(xiàng)中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的同為詞根的詞匯。
方法4：同疇詞復(fù)現(xiàn)
同疇詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是指設(shè)空處前后句某一詞和備選項(xiàng)中某一詞為同一范圍的詞。著重閱讀空前空后兩句，鎖定關(guān)鍵詞，也可以根據(jù)設(shè)空處前后某一詞與備選項(xiàng)中某一詞是否屬于同一范圍來(lái)確定正確選項(xiàng)。
（一）
（2024濟(jì)南）We often hear of people who make long journeys to different parts of the world， with some even making it all the way to space. However， the biggest journey one can make is within oneself. The self-discovery journey helps you feel more confident and at peace with yourself. Then， how do you start your journey of self-discovery？1.　D　
You may start with finding out what you like most about yourself. It could be about how creative you are， about your ability to care about others or about your skills in playing an instrument or a sport. This will help you know better about your personal values or abilities.
Knowing what makes you excited is also helpful. What makes your eyes light up？2.　G　 It could be when you are performing a dance on stage， when you help your dad fix his computer， or even when you are doing research on your school science project.
It is always more comfortable to be on familiar（熟悉的） ground. However， in order to discover yourself， you will need to put yourself in some uncomfortable situations. 3.　F　 This may make you feel nervous， but it will give you a chance to learn more about how you feel and think when challenged.
What is your true purpose in life？4.　B　 As you go about your daily activities， ask yourself these questions to learn about your true self. Such questioning will help you to think deeply and realize what kind of person you want to be.
5.　E　 As you go through life， the experiences can change you， and this helps you grow. As Ariana Huffington said， “The journey towards self-discovery is life’s greatest adventure.”
A.It’s never too late to learn.
B.Who or what do you want to be？
C.As the saying goes， “Life is short.”
D.The following may be of some help to you.
E.The self-discovery journey is a lifelong journey.
F.For example， you have to give a speech in public.
G.This will tell you where your true joy comes from.
（二）
　　（2024歷下二模）There are 202 kinds of chameleons（變色龍） in the world that scientists know about. 42％ of these different kinds of chameleons live in Madagascar.
1.　F　 Scientists used to think these animals do that to hide from danger. But now they know the main reason is to communicate with each other. Chameleons can change colors to draw other chameleons’ attention or to warn them to go away. They can use their colors to show that they are angry or scared sometimes. 2.　C　 It turns out that they stay safe by moving backward and forward in a strange way. By moving that way， the chameleon looks less like a moving animal. 3.　G　
A chameleon’s tongue is very long and moves very fast. To catch food a chameleon hides in the trees until an insect walks by. 4.　A　 A chameleon can catch insects as far away as two times its body length. The end of its tongue is very sticky. When a chameleon catches an insect， the tongue shoots forward at a great speed. And the insect is caught in a flash.
Chameleons are amazing animals. But like many other animals， they’re in trouble. 5.　E　 This is because the forests and other areas where they live are disappearing or are being changed by people. And when the area is changed too much， it becomes difficult for chameleons to live there. Scientists are working to help the endangered chameleons by learning as much as they can about these colorful animals.
A.Then it shoots out its tongue to catch the insect all of a sudden.
B.Are chameleons able to change colors from birth？
C.So if colors are not for hiding from danger， how do chameleons stay safe？
D.There’s usually enough time for the insect to run away.
E.Many kinds of chameleons are endangered at present.
F.Chameleons are famous for their ability to change colors.
G.Instead， that makes it look more like a leaf swinging in the wind.

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