資源簡介
新概念第三冊
Lesson 53 In the public interest
單詞精講
evolve v.逐漸形成
【釋義】逐漸發(fā)展、演變或進化;從一種狀態(tài)、形式或種類逐漸轉變?yōu)榱硪环N。例如:The company has evolved over the years.(這家公司多年來逐漸發(fā)展變化。)
【詞源】源自拉丁語“evolvere”,由“e - ”(出)+“volvere”(卷、滾)組成,原意為展開,后引申為逐漸發(fā)展、演變。
【短語】evolve from(從…進化而來);evolve into(發(fā)展成、演變成)。
【例句】Birds are thought to have evolved from dinosaurs.(鳥類被認為是從恐龍進化而來的。)
high - handed(adj. 高壓的,專橫的)
【釋義】以一種傲慢、獨裁的方式行事,不考慮他人意見或權利地使用權力。例如:His high - handed management style made him unpopular.(他專橫的管理風格使他不受歡迎。)
【詞源】“high”(高)+“handed”(手的,這里表示手段),表示高高在上地用手段,即專橫的。
【短語】high - handed behavior(專橫的行為);high - handed decision(專橫的決定)。
【例句】The high - handed boss never listened to his employees' suggestions.(那個專橫的老板從不聽取員工的建議。)
incompetent(adj. 不夠格的,不稱職的)
【釋義】缺乏必要的能力、技能或資格來做某事;不能勝任工作或任務的。例如:An incompetent worker may cause many problems.(一個不稱職的工人可能會造成很多問題。)
【詞源】由否定前綴“in - ”(不)+“competent”(有能力的,源自拉丁語“competere”)組成,表示沒有能力的。
【短語】incompetent person(不稱職的人);incompetent performance(不稱職的表現(xiàn))。
【例句】The incompetent teacher couldn't control the class.(這個不夠格的老師無法控制課堂。)
over - zealously(adv. 過分熱情地)
【釋義】以過度、超出正常范圍的熱情做某事。例如:He over - zealously promoted his new product.(他過分熱情地推銷他的新產品。)
【詞源】由“over - ”(過度)+“zealous”(熱情的,源自希臘語“zēlos”)+“ - ly”(副詞后綴)組成。
【短語】act over - zealously(行為過分熱情)。
【例句】She over - zealously decorated her house for the party.(她過分熱情地為聚會裝飾房子。)
safeguard(v. 保護)
【釋義】采取措施保護某人或某物免受傷害、危險或損失。例如:We need to safeguard our environment.(我們需要保護我們的環(huán)境。)
【詞源】“safe”(安全的)+“guard”(守衛(wèi)),表示守衛(wèi)安全,即保護。
【短語】safeguard against(防范、預防);safeguard one's rights(保護某人的權利)。
【例句】Installing a security system can safeguard your home.(安裝一個安全系統(tǒng)可以保護你的家。)
parliamentary(adj. 國會的)
【釋義】與議會(國會)相關的;符合議會程序或慣例的。例如:Parliamentary debates can be very intense.(國會辯論可能非常激烈。)
【詞源】由“parliament”(n. 議會,源自法語“parlement”)+“ - ary”(形容詞后綴)組成。
【短語】parliamentary system(議會制度);parliamentary election(議會選舉)。
【例句】The new law was passed through parliamentary procedures.(這項新法律通過國會程序得以通過。)
qualified(adj. 合格的)
【釋義】具備做某事所需的技能、知識、資格或條件的;有限制的、有保留的。例如:A qualified doctor has to go through years of study.(一名合格的醫(yī)生必須經(jīng)過多年的學習。)
【詞源】由“qualify”(v. 使合格,源自拉丁語“qualificare”)+“ - ed”(形容詞后綴)組成。
【短語】highly qualified(非常合格的);qualified approval(有保留的批準)。
【例句】Only qualified applicants will be considered for the job.(只有合格的申請人將被考慮這份工作。)
grievance(n. 不平,冤屈)
【釋義】一種對不公平待遇、傷害或不公正情況感到不滿的情緒;抱怨的原因。例如:The workers had a grievance about their low pay.(工人們對他們的低工資有冤屈。)
【詞源】源自古法語“grievance”,與悲傷、痛苦有關,表示因不公平而痛苦,即冤屈。
【短語】air one's grievance(訴說冤屈);grievance procedure(申訴程序)。
【例句】
She filed a grievance against her boss for unfair treatment.(她因受到老板的不公平待遇而提出申訴。)
Justiteombudsman(n. (瑞典的)司法特派員)
【釋義】在瑞典,負責調查公民對政府機構或公職人員投訴的官員,以確保公平和公正。例如:The Justiteombudsman helps citizens resolve issues with public services.(瑞典的司法特派員幫助公民解決與公共服務有關的問題。)
【詞源】這是一個瑞典語的復合詞,“Justite”(司法)+“ombudsman”(特派員)。
【短語】contact the Justiteombudsman(聯(lián)系瑞典司法特派員)。
【例句】If you have a problem with a Swedish government agency, you can turn to the Justiteombudsman.(如果你對瑞典政府機構有問題,你可以求助于司法特派員。)
ombudsman(n. (瑞典和英國的)司法特派員)
【釋義】在瑞典和英國等國家,作為獨立的官員,負責調查和處理公眾對政府部門、公共機構等的投訴,以保障公民權益。例如:The ombudsman plays an important role in protecting citizens' rights.(司法特派員在保護公民權利方面起著重要作用。)
【詞源】源自瑞典語,原意為代表、代理人。
【短語】ombudsman scheme(司法特派員計劃);ombudsman office(司法特派員辦公室)。
【例句】The ombudsman investigated the complaint about the local council.(司法特派員調查了關于地方議會的投訴。)
secretive(adj. 保密的)
【釋義】傾向于保密的,不輕易透露信息或秘密的。例如:The secretive organization keeps its activities hidden.(這個保密的組織對其活動保密。)
【詞源】由“secret”(n. 秘密,源自拉丁語“secretum”)+“ - ive”(形容詞后綴,表示有…傾向的)組成。
【短語】secretive nature(保密的天性);secretive behavior(保密行為)。
【例句】He is a very secretive person and seldom shares his thoughts.(他是一個非常保密的人,很少分享他的想法。)
correspondence(n. 來往信件)
【釋義】信件、函件的往來;通信聯(lián)系;也可表示相似、對應關系。例如:We keep up a regular correspondence with our overseas partners.(我們與海外合作伙伴保持定期的信件往來。)
【詞源】由“correspond”(v. 通信、符合,源自拉丁語“correspondere”)+“ - ence”(名詞后綴,表示行為或狀態(tài))組成。
【短語】business correspondence(商務信件);in correspondence with(與…通信;與…相符)。
【例句】I found some interesting correspondence in the old trunk.(我在舊箱子里發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些有趣的信件。)
alter(v. 改變)
【釋義】使(某物或某人)在性質、外貌、形式或其他方面發(fā)生變化。例如:You can alter the size of the dress.(你可以改變這件衣服的尺寸。)
【詞源】源自古法語“alterer”,最終源自拉丁語“alter”(其他的),表示變成其他的,即改變。
【短語】alter for(為…而改變);alter into(變成)。
【例句】They plan to alter the old building into a modern hotel.(他們計劃把這座舊建筑改造成一家現(xiàn)代酒店。)
accusation(n. 譴責,指控)
【釋義】指責某人做錯事、犯罪或有不當行為的陳述;譴責的話語或行為。例如:His accusation was completely unfounded.(他的指控完全沒有根據(jù)。)
【詞源】由“accuse”(v. 指控,源自拉丁語“accusare”)+“ - ation”(名詞后綴,表示行為或結果)組成。
【短語】false accusation(誣告);accusation of fraud(欺詐指控)。
【例句】She faced an accusation of stealing.(她面臨盜竊的指控。)
ascertain(v. 查出,查明)
【釋義】找出事實、真相或確切的信息;確定某事。例如:The police are trying to ascertain the cause of the accident.(警方正在試圖查明事故的原因。)
【詞源】由“as - ”(到、向)+“certain”(確定的,源自拉丁語“certus”)組成,表示使確定,即查明。
【短語】ascertain the truth(查明真相);ascertain from(從…查明)。
【例句】We need to ascertain the number of people attending the event.(我們需要查明參加活動的人數(shù)。)
prejudiced(adj. 有偏見的,不公平的)
【釋義】對某人或某事持有預先形成的、不合理的觀點或態(tài)度,通常是負面的;偏袒或歧視的。例如:A prejudiced judge cannot make a fair decision.(一個有偏見的法官不能做出公平的決定。)
【詞源】由“prejudice”(n. 偏見,源自拉丁語“praejudicium”)+“ - ed”(形容詞后綴)組成。
【短語】be prejudiced against(對…有偏見);prejudiced attitude(偏見態(tài)度)。
【例句】Some people are prejudiced against foreigners.(有些人對外國人有偏見。)
prompt(adj. 即時的)
【釋義】立即的、迅速的;按時的、準時的。例如:We need a prompt response to this issue.(我們需要對這個問題有一個即時的回應。)
【詞源】可能源自古法語“prompte”,有敏捷、迅速的意思。
【短語】prompt action(迅速行動);prompt delivery(即時交貨)。
【例句】The company offers prompt service to its customers.(這家公司為其顧客提供即時服務。)
二、課文精講
1.The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies.斯堪的納維亞半島各國實行開明的社會政策,受到全世界的推崇。
be admired不要譯為“被喜歡”或者“被崇拜”,正確的譯法應該是“受到推崇。”
2.Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from high-handed or incompetent public officers.在瑞典,已逐漸形成了一種完善的制度以保護每個公民不受專橫的和不稱職的政府官員的欺壓。
protect from的意思是“保護…不受…”。
3.The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries too.由于這種制度行之有效,已被其他國家采納。
so…that…引導結果狀語從句。
語言點2:be adopted的意思是“被采納,被接受。”
4.The Swedes were the first to recognize that public official like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public.是瑞典人首先認識到政府工作人員如文職人員、警官、衛(wèi)生稽查員、稅務人員等等也會犯錯誤或者自以為在為公眾服務而把事情做過了頭。
recognise后面的that引導賓語從句;belief后面的that引導同位語從句,解釋說明belief。
5.As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual.早在1809年,瑞典論會就建立一個保護公民利益的制度。
as long ago as往往被譯為“早在。”
6.A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.議會內有一個代表各政黨利益的委員會,由它委派一位稱職的人選專門調查個人對國家的意見。
committee與represent是邏輯上的主謂關系,只是represent用了現(xiàn)在分詞的形式,引導現(xiàn)在分詞短語作committee的定語。
be qualified to do sth.的意思是“有資格做某事。”
7.The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the 'J.O.' or 'Ombudsman'.此人官銜為“司法特派員”,但瑞典人一般管他叫“J.O.”,即“司法特派員”。
refer to意思是“把…稱作。”
8.The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure.司法特派員不受任何政治壓力的制約。
be subject to的意思是“受到…的制約。”
9.He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society. 他聽取社會各階層的各種大小意見,并進行調查。
that come to him from all levels of society是定語從句,修飾complaints。
10.As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1,200 letters a year.由于意見均需用書面形式提出,司法特派員每年平均收到1,200封信。
in writing是方式狀語。
11.He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and examines every single letter in detail.他有8位律師作他的助手協(xié)助工作,每封信都詳細批閱。
to help him作賓語補足語。
12.There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection.司法特派員的工作沒有什么秘密可言,他的信件是公開的,供公眾監(jiān)督。
形容詞secretive作定語,修飾nothing。在修飾不定代詞時,形容詞一般放在被修飾的不定代詞后。
be open to的意思是“向…公開。”
13.If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf.如果公民的意見正確,司法特派員便為他伸張正義。
on one’s behalf的意思是“為了某人的利益,代表某人。”
14.The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.司法特員采取的行動因意見的性質不同而有所不同。
according to的意思是“根據(jù),按照。”
15.He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered.他可以善意地批評某位官員,也可以甚至向議會提議修改某項法律。
gently reprimand不可譯為“溫柔地批評”,而是“善意地批評。”
16.The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work.下述事件是司法特派員工作的一個典型例子。
a typical example的意思是“一個典型的例子。”
17.A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner.一個住在瑞典鄉(xiāng)村的外國人寫信給司法特派員,抱怨說他受到警察的虐待,原因就是因為他是個外國人。
that引導賓語從句。
18.The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case.司法特派員立即寫信給當?shù)鼐炀珠L,請他寄送與此事有關的材料。
in the district作后置定語。現(xiàn)在分詞短語asking him to send a record of the case作目的狀語。
19.There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police strongly denied the accusation.材料中沒有任何文字記載證明外國人所說的情況符合事實,警察局長矢口否認這一指控。
that引導賓語從句。
20.It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter.司法特派員難以處理。但是,當他又收到住在同一村莊的另一個外國人寫的一封內容類似的投訴信時,他立即派出一位律師前去調查。
it is/was impossible for…to do已經(jīng)成了固定結構,表示“…做…是不可能的。”
21.The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions.律師證實有個警察確實多次粗魯?shù)貙Υ鈬恕?br/> that引導賓語從句。
on several occasions的意思是“在不同的場合”,引申為“多次。”
22.The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files.警察歧視外國人的事在官方檔案中不可能加以記載。
that引導同位語從句。
be prejudiced against意為“歧視。”
23.It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts.司法特派員只有派他的代表去核對事實才能了解真相。
it is/was only possible for sb.to do sth.的意思是“對某人而言只有做某事才行了。”
24.The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted.當事的警察受到嚴厲的斥責,并被告知,如果再有人投訴他,他將受到起訴。
that引導賓語從句。
be lodged against的意思是“針對。”
25.The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed.司法特派員及時采取的行動,迅速制止了這一起不愉快的事件,不然這件事可能因未得到人們注意而不了了之。
put an end to的意思是“結束,制止。”
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