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第一節 非真實條件句及主句中的虛擬語氣
非真實條件句主要包含對過去、現在和將來情況假設的條件句，此外還包含部分表示特殊情況的虛擬條件句。在不同情況下，非真實條件句及主句的謂語動詞的形式。
條件 從句的謂語動詞形式 主句的謂語動詞形式
與過去事實相反 had+過去分詞 would/could/should/might have+過去分詞
與現在事實相反 過去式/were（be動詞用were） would/could/should/might+動詞原形
與將來事實相反 were to+動詞原形；should+動詞原形； 過去式/were（be動詞用were） would/could/should/might+動詞原形
一、表示與過去事實相反
在表示對過去情況假設的非真實條件句及主句中，從句應用過去完成時，即從句的謂語動詞用“had+過去分詞”的形式，主句的謂語動詞用“should/would/could/might have+過去分詞”的形式。
【例】If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.
要是我們早點兒找到他的話，我們就能挽救他的生命了。
If I had known the answer, I would have told him.
要是我知道答案的話，我就告訴他了。
二、表示與現在事實相反
在表示對現在情況假設的非真實條件句及主句中，從句的謂語動詞用過去式（be動詞用were），主句的謂語動詞用“should/would/could/might+動詞原形”的形式。
【例】He wouldn’t feel so cold if he stayed indoors now. 他要是現在待在室內，就不會覺得這么冷了。
If I were available now, I could go to the park with you. 如果現在有空，我就和你一起去公園了。
三、表示與將來事實相反
在表示對將來情況假設的非真實條件句及主句中，從句的謂語動詞用過去式（be動詞用were）或者“should/were to+動詞原形”的形式，主句的謂語動詞“should/would/could/might+動詞原形”的形式。
【例】If there were/should be/were to be something wrong with the new equipment in the future, they would tell you at once.
如果未來新設備有什么問題，他們會馬上告訴你的。
Next time if I did/should do/were to do the work, I would do it in a different way.
下次要是我做這項工作，我會以不同的方式去做。
四、混合虛擬語氣
有時虛擬條件從句表示的動作和主句發生的動作在時間上不一致。例如，一個與過去事實相反，另一個與現在事實相反，這時謂語動詞的形式要根據各自表示的時間來調整。
【例】If I shouldn’t have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.
如果不是今天下午要考試，我現在就去購物了。(從句指將來，主句指現在)
If you had taken my advice then, you wouldn’t be in trouble now.
如果當時聽我的勸告，你現在就不會有麻煩了。(從句指過去，主指現在)
五、虛擬語氣在省略if的非真實條件句中的用法
當虛擬條件句中含有were，had或should時，可以省略if，而把were，had，should，could等置于句首，變為倒裝句式，以強調假設條件的虛擬性或突出說話人的主觀愿望。
【例】If I were at school again, I would study harder. → Were I at school again, I would study harder.
如果我重新回到學校，我會加倍努力學習。
If you had come earlier, you would have met him. → Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
如果你來得早一點，就見著他了。
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go out. → Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go out.
如果明天下雨，我們就不出去了。
If I could fly, I would go and see you right now. → Could I fly, I would go and see you right now.
如果我會飛，我立刻去看你。
Were he to depart tomorrow (If he were to depart tomorrow), he would get there on Sunday.
如果他明天出發的話，星期天就能到那里了。
Had you informed me earlier (If you had informed me earlier), I couldn’t have signed the contract.
要是你早些告訴我的話，我就不會簽那份合同了。
Should I have time (If I should have time), I would go and watch the football game.
要是我有時間，我會去看足球賽的。
第二節 虛擬語氣用于名詞性從句
一、虛擬語氣用于主語從句
（一）當“It+be/seem+形容詞/過去分詞+that從句”結構中的形容詞或過去分詞表示“愿望、建議、要求、命令、遺憾、緊急”等含義時，主語從句中的謂語動詞常用“（should）+動詞原形”，其中should可以省略。常見的此類形容詞和過去分詞有：advisable, eager, natural, necessary, surprising, urgent, important, essential, regretful, strange, better, anxious, desirable, demanded, desired, ordered, recommended, requested, required, suggested等。
【例】It’s necessary that he (should) see a doctor.他有必要去看醫生。
It is advisable that you (should) tell your parents about this.建議你告訴你父母這件事情。
It is natural that she (should) do this.她這樣做是很自然的。
It’s ordered that he (should) get there at once.他被命令立馬到達那兒。
It is suggested that you (should) join more club activities in college.
建議你在大學里多參加社團活動。
It is demanded that we (should) work out a plan.要求我們制訂一個計劃。
It is recommended that he (should) visit there.推薦他去那里游覽。
（二）“It is+名詞+that+主語+（should）+動詞原形…”常用于此句型的名詞有duty, pity, no wonder, no surprise, regret, shame等。
【例】It is our duty that we (should) protect the environment.保護環境是我們的職責。
It is no wonder that they (should) choose that company.他們會選擇那家公司不足為奇。
二、虛擬語氣用于賓語從句
（一）在表示“要求、建議、命令、堅持”等的動詞后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣中，從句中的謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”should可省略。常見的此類動詞如下。
一個“主張”：insist；
一個“督促”：urge；
兩個“命令”：order, command；
三個“建議”：suggest, advise, recommend；
四個“要求”：request, require, ask, demand。
【例】The teacher recommended that everyone (should) take an active part in the English party.
老師建議每個人都應該積極參加英語聚會。
The professor suggested that we (should) take notes.教授建議我們記筆記。
He insists that he (should) stay and help.他堅持留下來幫忙。
The captain ordered that the crew (should) stay in calm.船長命令船員保持冷靜。
【注意】當suggest作“暗示，說明”講時，insist作“堅持認為，堅持說”之意時，從句不用虛擬語氣，而用陳述語氣。
【例】The smile on his face suggested that he had a good time here.
他臉上的笑容揭示出他在這里玩得很開心。
His pale face suggested that he was ill.
他蒼白的臉色表明他生病了。
Tom insisted that he had never stolen the money.
湯姆堅持說自己沒有偷錢。
（二）would rather后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞常用過去式表示與現在或將來事實相反的情況，用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反的情況。
【例】John would rather it were winter now.約翰寧愿現在是冬天。（與現在事實相反）
I would rather you told me the truth.我寧愿你告訴我真相。（與現在事實相反）
I would rather he had scolded me.我寧愿他罵我一頓。（與過去事實相反）
I would rather you hadn’t done that.我寧愿你沒做那件事。（與過去事實相反）
（三）wish后的賓語從句，用虛擬語氣分為三種情況。
條件 從句的謂語動詞形式
與過去事實相反的愿望 had+過去分詞
與現在事實相反的愿望 過去式/were（be動詞用were）
與將來事實相反的愿望 would/could+動詞原形
【例】I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I had been there.
我沒有去參加晚會，但是我的確希望我去參加過。
I wish I had more time for study.我多希望我有更多時間學習。
I wish that he could try again.我希望他能再試一次。
I wish (that) I were a bird.我希望自己是只鳥兒。
I wish (that) I had gone there with you.我要是和你一起去了就好啦。
I wish (that) I would/could get that job.我希望能得到那份工作。
三、虛擬語氣用于表語從句和同位語從句
（一）在表示“請求、命令、建議”等含義的名詞充當句子主語時，其后的表語從句或同位語從句用虛擬語氣，其中從句中的謂語動詞為“should+動詞原形”，should可以省略，連接從句的that不能省略。常見的此類名詞有advice, decision, demand, idea, order, request, suggestion等。
【例】His suggestion was that I (should) go to college.他建議我上大學。
The doctor’s advice that you (should) give up smoking is right.醫生讓你戒煙的建議是對的。
My advice is that we (should) work in cooperation.我的建議是大家一起來工作。
The proposal that cigarette sales (should) be restricted is approved.限制香煙銷售的提案通過了。
My idea is that we (should) omit this part.我的想法是我們可以刪除這部分。
（二）由as if/though引導的表語從句使用虛擬語氣的情況和其引導的方式狀語從句的虛擬語氣的情況一樣，也分為三種情況。
條件 從句的謂語動詞形式
從句謂語動詞先于主句謂語動詞發生 had+過去分詞
從句謂語動詞與主句謂語動詞同時發生 過去式/were（be動詞用were）
從句謂語動詞后于主句謂語動詞發生 would/could/should/might+動詞原形
【例】He looks as if he were an artist.他看上去好像是名藝術家。
【注意】as if/though也可以引導所述的是真實的或極有可能發生或存在的事實的從句，常用在連系動詞look，seem，sound等詞后。
【例】It looks as if it is going to rain. 看起來要下雨了。
（三）虛擬語氣在would rather等后接的賓語從句中的用法
在would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon 和would prefer等后接的賓語從句中，從句謂語動詞用過去式（be動詞用were）表示對現在或將來情況的假設；從句謂語動詞用“had+過去分詞”的形式表示對過去情況的假設，意為“寧愿，但愿”。
【例】I would rather she gave up her plan for the time being. 我寧愿她暫時放棄她的計劃。
（四）虛擬語氣在for fear(that), in case, lest等引導的目的狀語從句中的用法
在for fear(that), in case, lest等引導的目的狀語從句中，從句常用虛擬語氣，從句謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”的形式，表示“免得，以防，唯恐，以免”。
【例】He put on his coat for fear (that) he should catch a cold. 他穿上了外套，以防感冒。
第三節 含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣
表示假設的條件也可以隱含在介詞引出的短語、分詞短語或連詞中，如but for, without, with, under等介詞引出的短語表示虛擬條件；given等分詞短語充當條件；連詞but, but that, or, otherwise等表示虛擬條件等。這樣的結構被稱為含蓄條件句。在含蓄條件句中，如果表示對現在或將來情況的假設，謂語動詞用“should/would/could/might+動詞原形”的形式；如果表示對過去情況的假設，謂語動詞用“should/would/could/might have+過去分詞”的形式。
【例】But for a knee injury, he would have gone running. 要不是膝部有傷的話，他就去跑步了。
Given a certain opportunity, he could show more talent. 如果有機會，他會展示出更多的天賦。
第四節 其他句型中的虛擬語氣
一、虛擬語氣在“It is(high / about) time( that)...”句型中的用法
在“It is (high / about) time that...”句型中，后面的從句要用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞多用過去式；有時也用“should+動詞原形”的形式，should不可省略，意為“該是······的時候了”。
【例】It’s high time that you studied/should study hard.你該努力學習了。
It’s high time that we went home.該是時候回家了。
It’s about time that you should go to school.該是時候上學了。
二、在even if引導的從句中，與現在事實相反的假設用過去式，與過去事實相反的假設用過去完成式。
【例】Even if you were here, you could not solve the problem.你在這里也解決不了問題。
Even if I had reminded you, you would not have remembered that.即使我提醒了你，你也不會記得。
三、動詞hope, intend, mean, want, plan, think等用過去完成時表示“本想，本打算，本認為”。
【例】I had thought that was true.我本以為那是真的。
She had meant to apologize.她本打算道歉的。
四、“May+動詞原形”表示祝愿，有時也可直接用動詞原形。
【例】May you succeed! 祝你成功！
God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！
知識鞏固
一、單項選擇
1.They demanded that the law on gun ownership _________.
A.changed B.be changed C.to change D.should change
2.He talked about Rome as if he __________ there himself.
A.has been B.had been C.was D.is
3.The doctor recommended that he ________ a few more days in hospital.
A.stayed B.stays C.staying D.stay
4.Without our class’s great efforts, the speech contest last week _______ such a great success.
A.wouldn’t be B.wouldn’t have been
C.must have been D.could have been
5.The new traffic law requires that everyone ________ his or her car checked at least once a year.
A.has B.had C.will have D.have
6.I wish I ______ the Great Wall with you tomorrow, but I’m preparing for the coming exam.
A.will climb B.had climbed C.climb D.would climb
7.The world today _____ different without the amazing discoveries produced by great scientists.
A.were B.had been C.would be D.would have been
8.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______.
A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken
9.Sorry, I am too busy now. If I _____ time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
A.have had B.had had C.have D.had
10.If we had not encountered a severe shortage of funds, the project______last year.
A.could finish B.would have been finished
C.would be finished D.could have finished
11.______him to go to hospital earlier, his condition wouldn’t have become worse.
A.Did I persuade B.Were I to persuade
C.If I should persuade D.Had I persuaded
12.They ordered that for every tree cut down two more____________.
A.be planted B.are planted C.should plant D.should have planted
13.It is necessary that you______gratitude when you receive a precious gift from others.
A.are expressing B.expressed
C.should express D.must express
14.She wasn’t feeling very well, otherwise she___________the lecture so early.
A.wouldn’t have left B.didn’t leave
C.could have left D.wasn’t leaving
二、語法填空
1.If I___________ (be)you, I wouldn’t wait.
2.I could___________ (do) better if I had had more time.
3.The teacher’s requirement is that we___________ (recite) the passage in 20 minutes.
4.If we___________ (book) a table earlier, we wouldn’t be standing here in the long queue now.
5.He looks as if he___________ (be) from the Mars.
6.Without air, man___________ (not exist) on the earth.
7.If he___________ (not be) ill, he would have done something to help us.
8.The teacher demand that we___________ (finish) our homework on time.

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