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2025屆高考英語專項復習 從句大全(PDF版)

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2025屆高考英語專項復習 從句大全(PDF版)

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【高中英語】從句大全
今天給大家整理了與高中英語從句的相關語法知識,以供同學們學習參考。
英語基礎概念:主句+從句=復合句
1. 有關概念
由一個主句和一個或一個以上從句構成的句子叫做復合句。所謂主句,就是在復
合句中起統領作用的句子,它是全句的主體,通常可以獨立存在;而從句則是復
合句的一個句子成分,不能獨立存在。如:
You’ll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完藥丸后你會
感到好一些。
The police learned that he wasn’t there at that time. 警察
獲知他那時不在場。
這兩句都是復合句,第一句的主句是 You’ll feel better,從句是
after you take the pills,由 after 引導,在整個復合句中用作狀語,表
示時間;第二句的主句是 The police learned 是主句,
that he wasn’t there at that time 是從句,由 that引導,在整個復
合句中用作賓語。
注意,英語的復合句不是簡單句的反面,不要將它誤解為“復雜句”。事實上,
英語的簡單句有時也可以比較“復雜”,而復合句也可以比較“簡單”。如:
He stopped because he was tired. 他停下來是因為他累了。
這個句子比較“簡單”,卻是一個典型的復合句,其中的 he stopped 是主句,
because he was tired是從句,在復合句中用作狀語,表示原因。
2. 從句的分類
前面我們說到從句是整個復合句的一個句子成分,它可以用作主語、賓語、定語、
狀語等。一般說來,一個從句在復合句充當什么成分我們就叫它為什么從句——
從句在復合句用作主語,我們就叫它為主語從句;從句在復合句用作賓語,我們
就叫它為賓語從句;從句在復合句用作狀語,我們就叫它為狀語從句;等等。如:
He answered that he knew nothing about it. 他回答說他不知情。
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩的是我把他
的地址丟了。
He was rather pleased when he won that prize. 他獲獎后相當高
興。
She was not in the train that arrived just now. 她不在剛到
的那列車上。
第一句中的 that he knew nothing about it為賓語從句,因為它在復合
句中用作動詞 answered 的賓語;第二句中的
that I have lost his address為表語從句,因為它在復合句中用在連系
動詞 is 后作表語;第三句中的 when he won that prize為狀語從句,因為
它在復合句中用狀語,表示時間,所以也叫時間狀語從句;第四句中的
that arrived just now為定語從句,因為它在復合句中用作定語,修飾名
詞 the train。
判斷關系代詞與關系副詞
判斷關系代詞與關系副詞
方法一: 用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及
物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。
例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with
you.
判斷改錯(注:先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線;用不同的顏色表示出。)
(錯) This is the mountain village where I visited last
year.
(錯) I will never forget the days when I spent in th
e countryside.
(對) This is the mountain village (which) I visited la
st year.
(對) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in th
e countryside.
習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯系在一起。
此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。
方法二: 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),
也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。
例 1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例 2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例 1 D,例 2 A
例 1變為肯定
句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例 2變為肯定
句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句 1中,所缺部分為賓語,而 where, that, on which都不能起到賓
語的作用,只有 the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關
系代詞,所以應選 D。
而句 2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞
where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞 in + which 引導地點狀語。
而此題中,介詞 on 用的不對,所以選 A。
關系詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時,
選擇關系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做
狀語時,應選擇關系副詞 ( where 地點狀語,when 時間狀語,why 原因
狀語) 。
語法小知識:主將從現的標志詞
主將從現是一種出現在狀語從句中的語法現象,多指在時間狀語從句和條件狀語
從句中,當主句是一般將來時態,則從句要用一般現在時替代一般將來時。
因為主將從現出現在狀語從句中,在這里我們就以狀語從句的幾個類別為根據來
列舉主將從現的標志性詞語。
時間狀語從句
when, whenever, since, till, once, as soon as, while, as, b
efore, after
如:I will be a math teacher when I grow up.
條件狀語從句
if, unless, as(so)long as
如:If I have extra money, I will pay the bill for you.
原因狀語從句
because, since, as, for, now that
如:The tutor will leave here now that you have no problems.
讓步狀語從句
though, although, even if, even though, however
如:
Though you have advantages in this match, I will not give
up.
目的狀語從句
in order that, so that, that
如:
In order that Lily can get the prize, we will have a plan
in detail.
在條件狀語從句中,如果主語是一般將來時,從句要用一般現在時。
一個句子的中心意思體現在主句中,所以判斷是否使用主將從現首先要做的是區
分主從句。當找到主句,分析其時態為一般將來時或借助某些結構表達將來含義
時,則從句使用一般現在時態。
1.用“連詞+分詞”來替代從句
當主句和從句的主語一致,謂語的時態又是同時段發生,可以把從句的主語省去,
變謂語動詞為現在分詞或過去分詞。如果分詞的邏輯或時間意義不明確,還可以
保留連詞。
例 1:
Guests mingle while enjoying cake, punch and other treats.
客人們一邊吃蛋糕、喝飲料以及享用其它的食品,一邊卻在一起聊天。
例 2:
While speaking out against Hitler’s atrocities, the American
people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality
.
雖然美國人譴責希特勒的暴行,但是他們卻一慣奉行孤立政策和中立態度。
例 3:
Plastics are materials which are softened by heat and set i
nto lasting form when shaped in a mold.
注:如果從句的謂語是系動詞 be,在簡化句型時應該把 be動詞改成 being,但
是由于 being語義意義,所以可以省略,這樣就造成了形容詞作狀語了。
例 1:These apples, when ripe, are picked.
這些蘋果一旦熟了就要被摘下來。
例 2:She knows all the hazards of smoking while pregnant.
她知道懷孕時吸煙的一切危害性。
2. 用“介詞+分詞”來替代從句
一般說來,用 on和 at表示“as soon as, once”。on后面常接“來、去”
之類的詞,at后面常接“聽到、看到”之類的詞。in后面接其他帶動作的詞,
相對于從屬連詞“while”。
例 1:
On removing them he was stunned to see that the plates wer
e fogged where the crystals had covered them.
當他把晶體揭開時,發現盤子上方霧蒙蒙,他吃了一驚。
例 2:
In running down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve.
我在跑下樓的時候,聽見鐘敲了十二下。
例 3:He jumped with joy at hearing the news.
他一聽到這個消息就高興得跳了起來。
3. 用“介詞+動作性名詞”來替代從句
同上面一樣,At基本上后接 sound,sight“聽到、看到”之類的詞;on接“回
來、到達”之類的詞;用 in,during表示“when, while”;用 over 表示
“while”之意。當然,這一切都是相對的分類。
例 1:The little girl passed out at sight of a snake.
小女孩一看到蛇就昏過去了。
例 2:
In our hurry to get from one place to another, we failed
to see anything on the way.
當我們急急忙忙從這兒到那兒的時候,一路上什么也沒有看見。
例 3:
On arrival at the railway station, he found the train had
already left.
當他到達火車站的時候,他發現火車已經開走了。
例 4:
He had intended to go, but on second thoughts, he gave up
the idea.
他本來想去,但進一步考慮后,打消了這個念頭。
例 5:
During my absence, would you please take care of my cat
在我不在的時候,請幫我照看一下貓,好嗎?
例 6:He fell asleep over a book.
他看書的時候睡著了。
例 7:After reelection he announces that he will not help.
經過一番考慮后,他宣布將不提供任何幫助。
例 8:
After graduation, he went to America for his PhD studies.
畢業之后,他去了美國攻讀博士。
4. 用“并列句”代替
例句:
Two other poses were tried and I emerged from the booth to
find a lot people waiting for my signatures.
又試了兩個其他的姿勢后,我從拍照亭里出來,發現很多人在那里等待我的簽名。
名詞性從句(主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句)
主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句在復合句中的充當的成分和其名稱
相同,分別作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。上述這四種從句均被稱為名詞
性從句。所有的名詞性從句均不能用逗號分開,并且它們都用相同的關聯詞,關
聯詞如下:
① 主從連詞:that (無意義), whether (是否), if (是否)(在句子中
不充當任何成分)
② 連接代詞:who (誰), whom (誰), whose (誰的), what (什
么), which (哪一個)
③ 連接副詞:when (什么時候), where (什么地方), how (怎
樣), why (為什么)
主從連詞只起連接作用,連接代詞和連接副詞除了起連接作用外,還充當從句某
一個成分。另外,可以用 whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever 等連
接代詞引導名詞性從句,來加強語氣。
(一)主語從句(subject clause)
在主句中用作主語的主謂結構稱之為主語從句。
例如:
That he will come to the discussion is certain.他來參加討論是
確定的。
That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all
of us.月球繞地球轉動,這是我們大家都熟知的。
When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide.
會議什么時候召開還沒有決定。
主語從句放在句首,句子常常顯得比較笨重,因此通常可以把 it放在句首,作
形式主語,而將主語從句放在后面。例如上面的句子可以分別改寫為:
It is certain that he will come to the discussion.
It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round
the earth.
It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to be held.
下面再舉一些例句:
What they are after is profit.他們追求的是利潤。
That he is still alive is sheer luck.他還活著全靠運氣。
Who did the work is unknown.誰干了這工作無人知道。
Whether she will join us won’t make too much difference.
It won’t make too much difference whether she will join us.
她是否參與我們的活動無關緊要。
Which way is more effective is still a question.
It is still a question which way is more effective. 哪
種辦法效率更高還是個問題。
(二)賓語從句(object clause)
在主句中作謂語動詞、介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語的主謂結構稱之為賓語從句。
在引導賓語從句時,從屬連詞 that在口語中和非正式文本中常省略。
(1)動詞后的賓語從句

We know that a parrot can’t really speak.我們知道鸚鵡不會真的
說話。

He wants to tell us what he thinks.他想告訴我們他所想的事情。

Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work in
side the house.
知道要下雨了,于是他們決定在室內工作。(現在分詞 knowing的賓語從句)

I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.
我想知道你是否還在工廠工作。(不定式 to know的賓語從句)

The club will give whoever wins a prize. 獲勝者俱樂部將頒
獎。

Up to now we can’t say whether his theory can stand the
test.
到目前為止我們還不能說他的理論是否經得住考驗。

A little observation will show how the temperature changes.
稍加觀察就可以看出溫度是怎樣變化的。

Do you know who lives in this room 你知道誰住在這房間里嗎?
(2)形容詞的賓語從句
有些形容詞可以用 that引導賓語從句,表示說話人對某一事物的態度并帶有感
彩。
常見的這類形容詞有:
afraid, amazed, astonished, aware, certain, confident, delighte
d, glad, grateful, happy, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised
等。
“害怕,驚訝,震驚,意識,確定,自信,高興,高興,高興,高興,自豪,傷
心,對不起,當然,驚訝”
例如:
I am glad that you have come. 你來了,我真高興。
I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在這點上
是錯誤的。
He is quite confident that he will pass the examination.他很
有信心通過這個考試。
(三)表語從句(predicative clause)
在主句中擔當表語的主謂結構稱之為表語從句。
One idea is that fish is the best brain food.有一種看法認為
魚是最好的補腦食品。
The problem is where we can hold our meeting.問題是我們可以在
哪兒舉行會議。
My question is how information is stored in the long-term m
emory.我的問題是信息是怎樣儲存在長期記憶中的。
That is what he really wants.那就是他真想要的東西。
It seems that everything goes smoothly.似乎一切都進行得很順利。
(四)同位語從句
同位語從句用于對前面出現的名詞作進一步說明,一般用連詞 that 引導,由于
先行名詞的意義不同,也可用 whether,who,when,where,what,why,how 等引導。
常見的先行名詞有
fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,probl
em,report,decision.有時由于謂語較短,將同位語從句位于謂語之后。如:
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashi
on show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.
名詞性從句的用法及定義
1.that 引導主語從句時,that 沒有意義,但不能省略。

It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.她的
頭發正在變白,這使她很不安。
that引導主語從句,it作形式主語,that 不能省略。

That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 眾所周知,她是
個富有的女人。這是 that 引導主語從句,that 不能省略。
這句話可以改為用 it 作形式主語的句型。
請同學們改寫:
It is known to us all that she is a rich woman.) We did
n’t know (that) you had sold your house. 我們不知道你已經把
你的房子賣了。這是 that引導賓語從句,that 可以省略。注意這句話的時態。
2.從句作主語時,多數情況下由 it 作形式主語,而把主語從句放在后面,
尤其是謂語部分(包括賓語)較短的情況下。

①It wasn’t very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。
②It is important that he should come on time. 他按時來是很
重要的。
③It is true that that man on the left is a well-known wr
iter here. 左邊那個人是本地的一位著名作家,這是真的。這里,第一個
that 引導主語從句,是單純的連詞,無詞義,不作句子成分。第二個 that 是
指示代詞,作句子成分,是 man 的定語。
3.whether 既可以引導主語從句也可以引導賓語從句,但 if不能引導主語從
句。whether 后面可以加 or not, 而 if 不能與 or not 連用。作介詞賓
語時不用 if.如:
①Whether I knew John doesn’t matter. = It doesn’t matter
whether I knew John. 我是否認識約翰沒有關系。
②Whether or not she’ll come isn’t clear. = Whether she’l
l come or not isn’t clear. = It isn’t clear whether ….
她是否來還不清楚。
③It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation.
這是主語從句還是賓語從句?it 是形式主語嗎?it 是代詞,whether 引導
的是賓語從句,作介詞 on 的賓語,不能用 if引導。請翻譯這句話。這完全取
決于我們是否能得到他們的合作。
④I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 賓語從句,介詞賓
語,不能用 if 引導。請翻譯這句話。
⑤She asked me whether/if you were married. 賓語從句,既可以用
whether, 又可以用 if 引導。注意時態的對應。請翻譯這句話。
⑥We haven’t decided whether/if we shall give them aid.
⑦I’m not sure whether/if the report is believable.
⑧Now let’s do some translation:現在還很難預測誰會贏得下一屆總統
選舉。
⑨It is still hard to predict who will win the next presid
ential election.對于多數公民來說,誰當選總統無關緊要。
⑩Who will become the president doesn’t matter much to most
citizens.這位前總統是否會被判處死刑還有待觀察。
形式主語中名詞性從句作真正主語的情況
與漢語習慣不同,英語習慣將較重要的信息放在句子后半段,為避免頭重腳輕,
就產生了一個邏輯主語 it,同時也就產生了一種新的的語法現象——形式主語。
It +動詞+從句
seem,appear,happen,look,matter,make,strike,occur
It appeared that he had a happy childhood.
看來他有一段幸福的童年。
It made us very happy that she was saved.
她能化險為夷令我們大家很高興。
It is +形容詞+從句
true,strange,necessary,important,certain,wonderful,possible,likely,pr
obable
It is certain that free medical care will be given to most
people in our city. 我們城市的多數人將享受免費醫療,這是一定的。
It is obvious that he has been treated.
很明顯他已經被款待了。
It is +名詞+從句
fact,surprise,pity,honor,common knowledge
It is common knowledge that the moon cannot give out light.
月亮不會發光,這是常識。
It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the ques
tion. 你對這個問題作了這樣的回答,令人吃驚。
It+be+分詞+從句
said,reported,believed,known,decided,thought,expected,announced
It is said that Jack has been to Europe.
據說 Jack 去過歐洲。
It was reported that a new park will be built.
據報道將要建造一個新的公園。
需要注意的是,作為形式主語的 it并無實際意義,只是為了滿足語法上的需要,
避免句子頭重腳輕,它代替的是句子的邏輯主語,而真正主語由從句或不定式
充當。形式主語一直都是高頻考點,同學們需要多多練習。
從句:定語從句的簡化規律
(一)改用“不定式”或“不定式短語”
如果定語從句的時態與主句的時態具有同時性(包括謂語有情態動詞)或之后性,
則可以用“關系代詞或關系副詞+不定式”來簡化,或直接用“不定式”來修飾
先行詞。要注意的是,此時的不定式一定要是及物動詞,如果是不及物,則需要
在動詞后面加上相應的介詞,使之成為及物動詞短語。這個結尾的介詞可以提前
到關系代詞前面,也可以繼續留在句尾。前者是正式說法,后者是非正式說法。
例 1:
We moved to the country so that the children would have a
garden in which they could play in.
我們搬到了鄉下,好讓孩子們有個花園在里面玩。
改為:
We moved to the country so that the children would have a
garden in which to play.
或者:
We moved to the country so that the children would have a
garden to play in.
例 2:He felt miserable unless he had neighbors (whom)
he could quarrel with.
他要是沒有可以吵架的鄰居就難受。
改為:
He felt miserable unless he had neighbors with whom to quar
rel.
或者:
He felt miserable unless he had neighbors to quarrel with.
例 3:
The conference which will be held this afternoon is bound t
o be a great success. 計劃在今天下午舉行的會議一定會取得成功。
改為:
The conference which to be held this afternoon is bound to
be a great success.
或者:
The conference to be held this afternoon is bound to be a
great success.
例 4:
At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec.29, Postmaster General John
E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemorat
ive Stamps Souvenir Sheet, the grand finale of the Lunar Ye
ar stamp series, which will be available in 2005.
12月 29 日,美國郵政總局局長約翰·E·波特在檀香山從句了農歷新年的紀念
郵票小型張的揭幕儀式,這枚小型張將于 2005 年正式發行,它為農歷新年的系
列紀念郵票寫下了完美的結局。(注意:與定語從句一樣,也可以采用非限制性
形式)
改為:
At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec. 29, Postmaster General Jo
hn E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemor
ative Stamps Souvenir Sheet, the grand finale of the Lunar
Year stamp series, to be available in 2005.
(二)改用“介詞短語”
介詞短語替代定語從句有兩種方式:(1)省略“關系副詞+主語+be動詞”,
或“關系代詞+be 動詞”;(2)根據從句的意思改編。
例 1:
We have never forgotten the days (when we were) at college.
我們從來沒有忘記在大學對書的日子。
例 2:I don’t know the person (who is) in your office.
在你辦公司的那個人我不認識。
例 3:
Those who have high expectations but do not have those rela
tionship skills are likely to be brought down to earth fair
ly quickly as their Prince or Princess Charming falls off t
heir pedestal.
改為:
Those with high expectations but without those relationship s
kills are likely to be brought down to earth fairly quickly
as their Prince or Princess Charming falls off their pedes
tal.
那些對婚姻期望太高卻又不具備處理婚姻關系技巧的人,一旦他們心中的白馬王
子或白雪公主從神圣的光環里跌落,他們就會很快地回到現實中。
例 4:
He is not a person who likes to haggle over every ounce.
改為:He is a person above personal interests.
他不是一個斤斤計較的人。
(三)改用“現在分詞短語”和“過去分詞短語”
“現在分詞短語”作后置定語
此項要明白三點:
(1)“現在分詞短語”與前面的名詞一定是主謂關系;
(2)它隱含的時態為與謂語動詞同一階段的時態。例如:謂語是一般現在時或
將來時,現在分詞所隱含的是現在時、現在正在繼續時;如果謂語動詞為一般
過去時或將來時,現在分詞所隱含的時態為過去時、過去正在進行時;
(3)being+-ed表示“正在進行時的被動語態”。如果信息的中心在什么時候
可以用現在分詞呢?
當被修飾的名詞為“不定代詞”、“泛指意義的名詞”或“專有名詞”,可用
現在分句短語作后置定語
由于主語是泛指,句子的意思往往表達的是一條“道理”或一件“事實”,所以
它們的隱含時為“一般現在時”,此時就可以用分詞短語作后置定語。為了看清
分詞所隱含的時態,配上定語。
為了讀者看得明白,配上定語從句,把分詞所替代的時間展示出來。
例 1:Anyone touching that wire will get an electric stock.
任何人碰到那根電線就會觸電。
= Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric st
ock.
例 2:
The only real and lasting solution is to convince people th
at driving is a skilled taskrequiring (=
which requires) constant care and concentration.
唯一一個有效、持久的方法是說法人們相信,開車是一種技術活,需要不斷的小
心,思想不能開小差。
例 3:Charles and Sydney, looking (=who look)
so much like each other, are often considered to be twins.
查爾斯和悉尼兩個人的相貌非常相似,經常被人誤解為雙胞胎。
注:雖然被修飾的詞是泛指意義的詞,但是如果從句里的時態不是同步,則不可
以用“現在分詞”去作后置定語,只能用“定語從句”。
例句 Do you know anybody who has lost a dog
你知道有誰丟了一只貓?
定語從句所修飾的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是一個句子。定語從句通常
位于先行詞之后,由關系代詞或關系副詞引導。
→限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句修飾先行詞,對先行詞起修飾作用,緊接先行詞之后,無逗號,
若省去,原句意思不完整。引導定語從句的關系代詞有
who,whom,whose,which,that 等。who,whom,whose 用于指人,whose 有時也可指
物,相當于 of which;which 用于指物;that 既可指人也可指物,但只用于限
制性定語從句中。關系代詞除了引導定語從句,替代先行詞外,還在從句中擔
任主語、賓語、定語等。如:
The computers and cables which make up the Internet are own
ed by people and organizations.
Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in
getting close to other people.
The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with
her grandmother.
1)當先行詞是 all,anything,everything,something,nothing 等不定代詞或先
行詞前有 first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only 以及形容詞最高級修飾時,
只能用關系代詞 that 引導從句。如:
That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afte
rnoon.
2)關系代詞的省略
在從句中作賓語的關系代詞常可省略。關系代詞緊跟介詞,作介詞賓語時不可用
that,只可用 which 或 whom引導從句,并且不可省略,但當介詞位于賓語從句
句末時,作為介詞賓語的關系代詞仍可用 that,也可省略。如:
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up
with.
3)引導定語從句的關系副詞有 when,where,why 等。關系副詞在從句中作狀語,
意義上相當于一個“介詞+which”的結構。如:
Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the
stories are fully expressed through the drawings.
No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry th
at day.
*→非限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞,也可修飾整個主句,起補充說明作用,與主
句之間有逗號隔開,若省去,原句意思不受影響。不可用 that引導非限制性定
語從句。關系詞不可省略。如:
Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like m
agnetism.
*“介詞+which\whom\whose”引導的定語從句
“介詞+which\whom\whose”可引導限制性定語從句,也可引導非限制性定語從
句,該結構中介詞的選擇取決于從句謂語動詞的固定搭配,或先行詞的習慣搭配。
如:
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.
*as 引導的定語從句
as引導的定語從句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的結構中,代
替先行詞是人或物的名詞。as引導非限制性定語從句時,代替整個主句,從句
可位于主句之前、之后或中間。如:
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as 代替
先行詞 problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control
what happens on the Internet.(as 代替主語)
關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why
關系副詞 when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結構,因此常
常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何
人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京
是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer
這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that 代替關系副詞
that 可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代
when, where, why 和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中 that常被省
略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was
born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which
) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地
方。
關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓
語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數
要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you
他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同 of which互
換), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken
down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例
如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appear
s in the countryside. 農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that
在句中作主語)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to co
me unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)
狀語從句
→地點狀語從句
引導地點狀語從句的連詞是 where,wherever.
Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her.
→原因、結果和目的狀語從句
1)引導原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有:
because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that
等。
Considering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing
well.
2)引導結果狀語從句的連詞有:so...that,such...that
,so that,that,so 等。
Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctan
t to leave.
3)引導目的狀語從句的連詞有:
so that,in order that,for fear that,lest 等,從句常使用
may,might,can,could,would 等情態動詞。
We got up early this morning so that we could catch the f
irst bus to the railway station.
→條件和讓步狀語從句
1)引導條件狀語從句的連詞和詞組有
if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(prov
iding) that,supposing 等。
As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a tele
phone line to transmit computer data.
2)引導讓步狀語從句的連詞和詞組有
though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,h
ow...),whatever(whenever,wherever,however....)等。though,even if等引
導狀語從句可轉換成含有 as的部分倒裝結構,具有強調意義。其結構為“形容
詞(副詞、動詞、名詞)+as+主語+謂語”。
No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though
he is young)
→時間狀語從句
引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞和詞組有:
1)when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once 等。
We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely)...when,no sooner...than,each(every)
time,the moment,immediately(that)等。
As soon as I sent an e-mail message,I received positive res
ponses.
The moment he heard the good news,he jumped with joy.
狀語從句常用引導詞
時間狀語從句
常用引導詞:when、as、while、as soon as、before、after、since、
till、until
特殊引導詞:the minute、the moment、the second、every time、
the day、immediately、directly、no sooner…than(一……就……)、
hardly…when(剛一……就……)、scarcely…when(幾乎沒有…的時候)
地點狀語從句
常用引導詞:where
特殊引導詞:wherever、anywhere、everywhere
原因狀語從句
常用引導詞:because、since、as、for
特殊引導詞:seeing that、now that、in that、considering that、
given that
結果狀語從句
常用引導詞:so…that、such…that
特殊引導詞:such that、to the degree that、
to the extent that、to such a degree that
目的狀語從句
常用引導詞:so that、such that
特殊引導詞:to the degree that、to the extent that、
to such a degree that、in order that
條件狀語從句
常用引導詞:if、unless、whether(whether…or not)
特殊引導詞:as/so long as、only if、providing/provide that、
supposing that、in case that、on condition that
讓步狀語從句
常用引導詞:though、although、even if、even though
特殊引導詞:as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)、while(一般用在句首)、
no matter…、in spite of the fact that、whatever、whoever、
wherever、whenever、however、whichever
方式狀語從句
常用引導詞:as、as if、how
特殊引導詞:the way
比較狀語從句
常用引導詞:as(同級比較)、than(不同程度的比較)
特殊引導詞:the more…the more…、just as…、so…、
A to B is what/as C is to D、no…more than、
not so much A as B
區分 that 與 what 引導的從句
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一、引導主語從句
that與 what都可引導主語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。
what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。
如:
What he said at the meeting was very important.他在會上所說的
非常重要。(賓語)
What surprised us is that he did it alone.使我們吃驚的是他一
個人做了那項工作。(主語)
That he did it alone surprised us.他獨自完成了那項工作使我們感
到吃驚。(that用來引導主語從句,在句中不作成分)
二、引導賓語從句
that與 what都可引導賓語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,一般情況下可以
省略,但當有兩個以上的賓語從句時,只能省掉第一個 that。what 在從句中
可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。如:
They stopped to see what was happening.他們停下來看發生了什么事
情。(主語)
The teacher got angry because of what the boy had done.那個
男孩子做的事情讓老師很生氣。(what在賓語從句中作賓語)
All the people believed that it was right to rescue the te
mple.所有的人都認為拯救古廟是正確的。(that在賓語從句中不作句子成分
且可省略)
We must believe that each one of us is able to do somethi
ng well and that when we discover what this something is w
e must work hard at it until we succeed.我們必須相信,我們每
一個人都能把某件事情辦好;而且,當我們發現這事情是什么的時候,我們就必
須努力干下去,直到成功為止。(第一個 that 可省略,第二個 that 不能省略)
三、引導表語從句
that與 what都可引導表語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,且不能省略;
what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。如:
Mary is no longer what she used to be.瑪麗不再是從前那樣了。
(what 在表語從句中作表語)
The question is what we should do to prevent him from goin
g.問題是我們怎樣做才能阻止他去。(what 在表語從句中作動詞 do的賓語)
The reason why he didn’t come today is that his mother is
ill.他今天沒來的原因是他母親病了。(that只起連接作用)
四、引導同位語從句
that與 what都可引導同位語從句修飾表示抽象概念的名詞,對所修飾的名詞的
具體內容進行詳細闡述。這類名詞有:
fact, idea, news, hope, belief, promise, thought, suggestion,
proposal 等。that 在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從句中可
作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。如:
I have no idea what we should do next.我不知道我們下一步該做
什么。(賓語)
He made a promise that he would study hard.他許諾要努力學習。
(that只起連接作用)
The boy expressed his hope that he would be a pilot when
he grows up.那個男孩兒表達了他長大后想當一名飛行員的愿望。(that只
起連接作用)
五、引導定語從句
that可引導定語從句且在定語從句中作主語或賓語,that既可指人也可指物。
that在從句中作賓語時可省略。如:
This is one of the buildings that were built last year.這是
去年建的樓房之一。(that在定語從句中作主語,指物,不能省略。)
The doctor that you met in the street yesterday came here
20 years ago.你昨天在街上遇到的那位醫生二十年前就來到這里了。
(that 在從句中作賓語,指人并可省略。)
注意:what 不能引導定語從句。如不能說:
1.He did all what he could to save the patient.
2.All what he needs is more time.
應將句中的 what改為 that,或去掉 what,還可以將以上兩句中的 all去掉,但
兩句的結構發生了根本的改變:句 1中的 what 引導賓語從句,句 2 中的 what
引導主語從句。
六、引導狀語從句
so...that, such ...that, so that 結構引導狀語從句。what不能引
導狀語從句,但 whatever, no matter what可引導讓步狀語從句。如:
He made such rapid progress in English that before long he
could write articles for an American newspaper.他的英語進步很
快,不久就能為美國的一家報社寫文章了。
Put the little plants in the shade so that the sun won’t
burn them.請把幼苗放在陰涼處以免太陽曬枯它們。
Don’t believe him no matter what he says.無論他說什么,都不要
相信他。
英語從句:從句的兩個特點
1.從句引導詞
英語中的從句有個特點,就是通常要用一個詞來“引導”,這個詞我們就稱它為
“引導詞”。不同的從句往往需要不同的引導詞來引導,即使同一個詞可用于引
導多種從句,那它的用法和意思有所相同,如 when可用于引導主語從句、表語
從句、賓語從句等,它的意思是“什么時候”。
如:
When he will come is still unknown. 他什么時候來還不知道。
The question is when he did it. 問題是他什么時候干了此事。
I don’t know when the meeting will start. 我不知道會議什么時
候開始。
when還可以引導時間狀語從句,它的意思是“當……的時候”。
如:
She could swim when she was five. 她五歲的時候就會游泳了。
Take care when you’re crossing the road. 當你過馬路的時候要當
心。
另外,when還可以引導定語從句,此時它的意思通常只需譯為“……的……”,
有時也可以不譯。
如:
I will never forget the day when I first arrived here. 我
永遠不會忘記我第一次來這里的那一天。
July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七
月和八月是天氣很熱的月份。
有的從句雖然沒有出現引導詞,那是因為它被省略了。
如:
That is the house (which) we built. 這就是我們蓋的房子。
Everybody knows (that) money doesn’t grow on trees. 眾所周
知,金錢是不會從樹上長出來的。
第一句中的which we built為修飾名詞 the house的定語從句,按英語習慣,
當引導定語從句的關系代詞在定語從句中用作賓語時,可以被省略;第二句中的
that money doesn’t grow on trees 為賓語從句,用作動詞 knows的賓
語,在通常情況下,用于引導賓語從句的 that 都可以省略。
但要注意的是,英語中用于引導從句的引導詞何時省略與何時保留是有規律的,
要遵循英語習慣,不可隨意省略,否則會導致語法錯誤。
2. 從句詞序
英語中的從句,無論是主語從句還是賓語從句,是定語從句還是狀語從句,它都
總是使用陳述句詞序,也就是采用“主語+謂語+其他成分”這樣的詞序。但是,
當一個從句由 what, who, whose, when, where, why等這樣的“疑問
詞”來引導時,有的人可能會在從句中誤用疑問句詞序,這是一個常見的錯誤。
如:
■他什么時候離開,現在還不知道。
誤:When will he leave is not known yet.
正:When he will leave is not known yet.
析:when 在此引導主語從句,要用陳述句詞序,不能用疑問句詞序。
■我記不起他是什么樣子了。
誤:I don’t remember what did he look like.
正:I don’t remember what he looked like.
析:what 在此引導賓語從句,要用陳述句詞序。
■這就是她法語講得這么好的原因。
誤:That’s why did she speak French so well.
正:That’s why she spoke French so well.
析:why 在此引導表語從句,要用陳述句詞序。

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