資源簡介 (共39張PPT)語法常識一、英語10大詞類:詞類又叫詞性,單詞根據其在句子中的功用,可以分成十個大類:1 名詞 noun (n.) campus 2 代詞 pronoun (pron.) he3 形容詞 adjective (adj.) anxious 4 副詞 adverb (adv.)anxiously5 動詞 verb (v.) explore 6 數詞 numeral (num.)fifth7 冠詞 article (art.)a/an/the 8 介詞 preposition (prep.)from9 連詞 conjunction (conj.)but 10 感嘆詞 interjection (interj.) oh前六類是可以在句子中獨立擔任成分的實詞,后四類是不能在句子中獨立擔任成分的虛詞。英語句子成分與詞類的關系:1. 主語多由名詞或代詞擔任;2. 謂語由動詞充當;3. 賓語分為動賓和介賓,由名詞或代詞充當;4. 表語位于系動詞之后,多由名詞或形容詞充當;5. 定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的,多由形容詞充當;6. 狀語修飾動詞或全句,多由副詞充當;7. 補足語補充說明賓語或主語;8. 同位語多由名詞充當,用來說明或解釋另一名詞;9. 獨立成分一般是插入語、呼語、感嘆語。二、英語句子的9大句子成分:主語、謂語、表語、賓語(直接賓語,間接賓語,復合賓語)、補足語、定語、狀語、同位語和獨立成分。一)、主語:1.主語是句子要說明的人或物,是一個句子的主體,一般位于句首。2.常用名詞或相當于名詞的詞(動詞不定式或動名詞)、代詞、數詞、名詞化的形容詞等充當。1) We often speak English in class.( )2) One-third of the students in this class are girls.( )3) To swim in the river is a great pleasure.( )4) Smoking does harm to the health.( )5) The rich should help the poor.( )6) When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.( )7) It is necessary to master a foreign language.( )代詞/名詞數詞不定式動名詞名詞化的形容詞名詞性從句it做形式主語,真正的主語為后面的不定式1. All of us laughed. / We must act. / He talked too much.2. I miss my grandma.I had my first maths class at senior high school.3. He told us a funny story.My mum bought me a new dictionary.4. My wife calls me a “movie fan”.I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.5. The teacher was kind and friendly.The maths homework looks easy.主語 subjectExploration:1. All of us laughed. / We must act. / He talked too much.2. I miss my grandma.I had my first maths class at senior high school.3. He told us a funny story.My mum bought me a new dictionary.4. My wife calls me a “movie fan”.I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.5. The teacher was kind and friendly.The maths homework looks easy.二)、謂語:1. 說明主語的動作、狀態和特征,一般放在主語的后面。2. 分類:1)簡單謂語:由一個動詞或動詞短語構成.如:He practices running every morning.2)復合謂語:(1)由情態動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成.如:You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.(2)由系動詞加表語構成.如:We are students.系動詞不能單獨作謂語,必須與表語一起構成謂語。Exploration:1. All of us laughed. / We must act. / He talked too much.2. I miss my grandma.I had my first maths class at senior high school.3. He told us a funny story.My mum bought me a new dictionary.4. My wife calls me a “movie fan”.I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.5. The teacher was kind and friendly.The maths homework looks easy.謂語 predicate謂語表述主語的動作或狀態,由簡單動詞或者動詞短語構成。Exploration:1. All of us laughed. / We must act. / He talked too much.2. I miss my grandma.I had my first maths class at senior high school.3. He told us a funny story.My mum bought me a new dictionary.4. My wife calls me a “movie fan”.I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.5. The teacher was kind and friendly.The maths homework looks easy.三)、賓語:動作行為的對象或承受者,放在及物動詞或介詞之后。They went to see an exhibition(展覽)yesterday.( )The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.( )How many dictionaries do you have I have five.( )They helped the old with their housework yesterday.( )He pretended not to see me.( )I enjoy listening to popular music.( )I think(that)he is fit for his office.( )賓語種類:(1)雙賓語(間接賓語(indirect object)+直接賓語(direct object)),例如:Lend me your dictionary, please.(2).復合賓語(賓語+賓語補足語)名詞代詞數詞名詞化形容詞不定式短語動名詞短語賓語從句Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets.醫生經常建議我們多注意飲食。(us為賓語;to pay more attention to our diets 為賓語補足語)Exploration:1. I miss my grandma.I had my first maths class at senior high school.2. He told us a funny story.My mum bought me a new dictionary.3. My wife calls me a “movie fan”.I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.賓語是動作、行為的對象,一般位于及物動詞之后。名詞、代詞、數詞等均可用作賓語。賓語 object直接賓語(DO)多指物,間接賓語(IO)多指人。間接賓語通常置于直接賓語之前,若放在其后,一般須加介詞for 或 to。Exploration:1. I miss my grandma.I had my first maths class at senior high school.2. He told us a funny story.My mum bought me a new dictionary.3. My wife calls me a “movie fan”.I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.四)、表語:位于系動詞(be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后,表主語的性質、狀態和特征。Our teacher of English is an American.( )Is it yours ( )The weather has turned cold.( )The speech is exciting.( )Three times seven is twenty one ( )His job is to teach English.( )His hobby(愛好)is playing football.( )The machine must be out of order.( )Time is up. The class is over.( )The truth is that he has never been abroad.( )名詞代詞形容詞分詞數詞不定式動名詞介詞短語副詞表語從句be動詞感官系動詞look, smell, sound, taste, feel持續系動詞keep, remain, stay, stand變化系動詞become, get, turn, grow, go, come, run, fall表象性系動詞seem, appear結果性系動詞prove, turn out五)、定語:修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語.定語可由以下等成分表示:Qingzhou is a beautiful city.( )China is a developing country; America is a developed country( ) There are thirty women teachers is our school.( )His rapid progress in English made us surprised.( )Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.( )He is reading an article about how to learn English.( )This is the girl whose name is LiMei.( )形容詞分詞名詞代詞不定式短語介詞短語定語從句六)、狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子,說明動作或狀態特征的句子成分,叫做狀語.可由以下形式表示:Light travels most quickly.( )He has lived in the city for ten years.( )He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.( )He is in the room making a model plane.( )Once you begin, you must continue.( )副詞及副詞性詞組介詞短語不定式短語分詞短語狀語從句七)、補語:英語中有些及物動詞,除有一個直接賓語外,還要有一個賓語補足語,才能使句子的意義完整。這類常用的及物動詞有:make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let, keep 等。如:His father named him Dongming.( )They painted their boat white.( )Let the fresh air in.( )You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.( )We saw her entering the room.( )We found everything in the lab in good order.( )名詞形容詞副詞不定式短語現在分詞介詞短語Exploration:1. We________ must act. / He, ______________, talked too much.4. My wife, ________, calls me a “movie fan”.同位語用來說明或解釋同一事物,通常放在其所說明的名詞或代詞之后。名詞、代詞、數詞等均可用作同位語。同位語 appositiveeachmy little brotherSusanExploration:2. ______, I miss my grandma.4. I found my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful,_______________.6.____________, there’s a lot to explore at senior high.獨立成分,是一種與全句沒有語法關系的成分。感嘆語言、呼語和插入語一般都充當獨立成分。獨立成分 independent elementOhby the wayBelieve me三大句式簡單句(8種)并列句:并列連接詞(but,and,or,so)連結兩個以上的簡單句復合句名詞性從句(主、賓、表、同)形容詞性從句(定語從句)副詞性從句(狀語從句)三、句子形式(結構——簡單句、并列句、復合句)簡單句的八種基本句型基本句型一: S V (主+謂)基本句型二: S V P (主+系+表)基本句型三: S V O (主+謂+賓)基本句型四: S V IO DO(主+謂+間賓+直賓)基本句型五: S V O C (主+謂+賓+賓補)基本句型六:S V A (主+謂+狀)基本句型七:S V O A (主+謂+賓+狀)基本句型八:存現句:There be 結構They arrived.She plans to travel.He looked worried.Her father buy her a dictionary.You should keep the room clean.They arrived this morning.There is/are/was/were/ will be / has (have) been/ must be/ used to be/ ......There live/ stand/ come/ exist/ arriveShe plans to travel this sunday.基本句式一:S V(主+謂)該句式常用來表示主語的動作或狀態。其特點為:句子的謂語動詞為不及物動詞(短語),能表達完整的意思,但可以加副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式等作狀語。We │will learn│ from 8:00 am to 10:00 am. (2017·全國卷Ⅰ·書面表達)我們將要從上午8點至10點學習。In order to keep fit,we │should exercise│ regularly.為了保持健康,我們應該經常鍛煉。基本句式二:S V P(主+系+表)該句式側重說明主語是什么或怎么樣,謂語動詞需用系動詞(主要是be動詞),表語多為形容詞,也可以是名詞、介詞短語、不定式、動名詞等。作為系動詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨用作謂語,后面必須跟表語構成系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質、特征等情況。系動詞的分類如下:1.狀態系動詞用來表示主語狀態,只有be一詞。He │is│ a teacher.他是一名教師。2.持續系動詞用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度,主要有keep,remain,stay等。This matter │remains│ a mystery.此事仍是一個謎。3.表像系動詞用來表示“看起來像”這一概念,主要有seem,appear,look等。He │seems│ (to be) very sad.他看起來很傷心。基本句式二:S V P(主+系+表)4.感官系動詞感官系動詞主要有look,feel,smell,sound,taste等。This kind of cloth │feels│ very soft.這種布手感很軟。5.變化系動詞這些系動詞表示主語變成什么樣,變化系動詞主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go等。She │grew│ rich within a short time.她沒多長時間就變富了。6.終止系動詞表示主語已終止動作,主要有prove,turn out,表達“證實”,“變成”之意。His plan │turned out│ a success.他的計劃終于成功了。基本句式二:S V P(主+系+表)[名師指津] 使用系動詞時要注意:(1)其后常接形容詞作表語。試比較:The food tastes quite delicious.這種食物品嘗起來很美味。The chef is tasting the fish carefully.廚師長正在認真品嘗這道魚。注意:在第一句中,taste作系動詞,后面接形容詞作表語。在第二句中,taste作實義動詞,可以使用進行時,并且后面接副詞作狀語。(2)英語中某些動詞在作系動詞用時,無被動語態;而作實義動詞用時,才有被動語態,二者不可混為一談。The apple is tasted good.(×)The apple tastes good.(√)注意:因為taste此時是系動詞,“嘗起來”之意,指的是蘋果的性質,無被動語態。基本句式三:S V O(主+謂+賓)該句型的共同特點是:謂語動詞都具有實際意義,都是主語發出的動作,但不能表達完整的意思,必須跟上一個賓語,即動作的承受者,才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。有些不及物動詞后加介詞構成及物動詞短語后可以接賓語,構成主謂賓結構。He │has refused│ to help them.他拒絕幫助他們。He │admitted│ that he was mistaken.他承認犯了錯誤。As an outgoing girl,I │get along well with│ my classmates.作為一個外向的女孩,我和同學們相處得很好。基本句式四:S V O O(主+謂+間賓+直賓)有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語,這兩個賓語通常一個指人,為間接賓語;另一個指物,為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。 一般的順序為:動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語。I │showed│ him│ my pictures.我給他看了我的照片。She │cooked│her husband│a delicious meal.她給丈夫做了一頓美餐。He │taught│me│ how to run the machine.他教我如何開機器。[名師指津] 雙賓語結構有時可以用for或to進行替換,如上面第一、二句可以改為:I │showed│my pictures│ to him.She │cooked│a delicious meal│ for her husband.常帶雙賓語的動詞(分為A、B兩類)A:動詞后加togive 給show 給……看send 寄,打電報bring 帶……read 讀……pass 遞給……lend 借給……leave 留給……hand 交給……tell 告訴……return 把……還給…write 給……寫信throw 扔……promise 答應……refuse 拒絕B:動詞后加formake 生產,制造buy 買do 做get 得到play 演奏order 點sing 唱歌pay 為……交錢基本句式五:S V O C(主+謂+賓+賓補)該句型的共同特點是:動詞雖然是及物動詞,但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思,必須加上一個補充成分來補充說明賓語,才能使意思完整。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關系,它們一起構成復合賓語。復合賓語有以下幾種形式:1.名詞/代詞賓格+名詞The war │made│him│ a soldier.戰爭使他成為一名戰士。2.名詞/代詞賓格+形容詞New methods │make│the job│ easy.新方法使這項工作變得輕松。3.名詞/代詞賓格+介詞短語I │often find│him│ at work.我經常發現他在工作。基本句式五:S V O C(主+謂+賓+賓補)4.名詞/代詞賓格+動詞不定式The teacher │asked │ the students│ to close the windows.老師讓學生們關上窗戶。5.名詞/代詞賓格+現在分詞I │saw│a cat│ running across the road.我看見一只貓正跑過馬路。6.名詞/代詞賓格+過去分詞I │saw│the boy│ taken away by two men.我看到這個男孩被兩個人帶走了。基本句型(六):there be (存在句)1、There be 句型中的be 應和其后出現的補充語在數上一致,即“就近原則”,如:There are five books,two pens and a ruler in the school bag.There is a ruler,two pens and five books in the school bag.2、如果主語是復數名詞,卻表示一筆金額或一個總數或表達一個單個概念時,則仍用單數be形式,如:There is five hundred dollars to pay.there be和have區別there be表示某地有某物,含有、存在的意思;have/has表示“某人(物)有……”,含有所有、擁有的意思。如:There was a speech in our school last night.今晚在我們學校有一場演講。They have a beautiful home.他們有一個漂亮的家。劃分句子中的成分1.Max meets Amy in the dining hall.2.I want to make a good first impression.3.He even told us a funny story.SVOASVOSVIODO4.I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.5.There is a lot to explore at senior high.6. People spoke too quickly.7.The teacher lets the students do cool experiment.SVOCSVASVOCThere be 存現句并列句并列句一般由并列連詞(and, or, but等)連接的兩個或兩個以上的分句。用并列連詞將簡單句連成并列句。For example:He told us a funny story and all of us laughed.The teacher was kind and friendly and the maths homework looks easy.He told us a funny story but he talked too much.My mum bought me a new dictionary, but I missed my grandma.I had my first maths class at senior high school, where the teacherwas kind and friendly.He, who told us a funny story, talked too much.I found that my classmates and teachers were friendly and helpful.There’s a lot to explore at senior high, so we must act.主從復合句: 由一個主句和一個或者幾個從句所構成的句子,中間用從屬連詞連接。Practice:(Identify the sentence patterns and translate them.)1. Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student.2. I have to put it away and focus my attention on study thisweek.3. Study hard and you will succeed.Study hard or you’ll fall behind.4. You think you are going to change the world, but in the end,the world changes you.(簡單句)(簡單句)(并列句)(并列句)你認為你能改變這個世界,但最終,這個世界改變了你。5. That English is important is known to us.6. What she said was reasonable.7. The problem is whether we should accept their invitation.8. Father asked Anne when she would go to bed.(含有主語從句的復合句)(含有主語從句的復合句)(含有表語從句的復合句)(含有賓語從句的復合句)9. The news that they won the match is true.10. The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.11. Don’t get off until the bus has stopped.12. October 1, 1949 is the day when the People’s Republic of Chinawas found.(含有同位語從句的復合句)(含有定語從句的復合句)(含有狀語從句的復合句)(含有定語從句的復合句)四、句子的種類(用途)陳述句祈使句: 用來表示請求、命令、建議等。祈使句通常省略主語(you),以動詞原形開頭。疑問句感嘆句用五種基本句式翻譯句子1.在這種環境下,師生們正生活快樂,工作努力。(S V)2.在我看來,一個沒有朋友的人永遠不會幸福。(S V P)3.現在,在中學課外活動正變得越來越受歡迎。(S V P)4.最后,我們應該經常參加運動和戶外活動。(S V O)In the environment,teachers and students are living happily and working hard.In my opinion,a person without friends will never be happy.Nowadays,after class activities are becoming more and more popular in high schools.Finally,we should take part in sports and outdoor activities frequently.用五種基本句式翻譯句子5.同時,父母給孩子的保護太多了。(S V O O)6.事實上,他激勵我在大學主修英語。 (S V O C)7.你們的貢獻將會使得這次活動獲得巨大成功。 (S V O C)8.作為一名中學生,我認為英語是一門非常重要的科目。 (S V O C)At the same time,parents are giving their children too much protection.In fact,he inspired me to major in English in college.Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.As a middle school student,I consider English a very important subject.語法填空Scientists have long understood the key role that oceans play in controlling the Earth's climate. One of the oceans' most important climate 1.________ (function) is absorbing heat and carbon dioxide (CO2),one of the gases that cause global warming.2.________ (cover) 70% of the surface of the globe,oceans store a thousand times more heat than the atmosphere does. The oceans 3 .________ (absorb) huge amounts of heat and CO2 in the last forty years. In fact,the oceans are saving us 4.________ faster climate change—they are putting a brake on the climate system.5.________ bad news is that the oceans only slow the atmospheric warming. Once the oceans come up against a greenhouse-gas warmed earth,the extreme heat will remain in the atmosphere and things will get much 6.________ (hot).functionsCoveringhave absorbedfromThehotter語法填空Another important role 7.________ (play) by the oceans is that of distributor. The ocean's currents carry oxygen,nutrients (營養物) and heat throughout the globe,just 8.________ blood tubes bring oxygen and nutrition to cells in the human body. The ocean distributes 25% to 50% of energy 9.________ the planet receives from the sun. For example,the Gulf Stream (墨西哥灣流) carries heat across the Atlantic. This warm current makes northwestern Europe warmer than it would 10.________ (normal) be.playedas/likethat/whichnormally 展開更多...... 收起↑ 資源預覽 縮略圖、資源來源于二一教育資源庫