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江蘇省江陰市第一中學2012-2013學年八年級下學期期中考試試題(4科 4份)

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江蘇省江陰市第一中學2012-2013學年八年級下學期期中考試試題(4科 4份)

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江陰市第一中學2012—2013學年度第二學期期中考試
初二數學 2013-4-25

注意事項:1.本試卷滿分100分,考試時間為120分鐘.
     2.卷中除要求近似計算的結果取近似值外,其余各題均應給出精確結果.
3.所有的試題都必須在答題紙上作答,在試卷或草稿紙上答題無效.
一、精心選一選(本大題共10小題,每題2分,共20分)
1.不等式的解集是( ▲ )
A. B. C. D.
2.下列各式中:①;②;③;④;⑤ 分式有( ▲ )
A.1個 B.2個 C.3個 D.4個
3.如果把分式中的和都擴大2倍,那么分式的值( ▲ )
A.擴大2倍 B.縮小2倍 C.擴大4倍 D.不變
4. 三角形的兩邊長是3和4,第三邊的長是方程x2-12x十35=0的一個根,則該三角形的周長為(▲ )
A.4 B.12或14 C.12 D.以上都不對
5.下列選項中,使根式有意義的取值范圍為x<1的是( ▲ )
A. B. C. D.
6.已知反比例函數的圖象過點P(1,3),則該反比例函數圖象位于( ▲ )
A.第一、二象限 B.第一、三象限 C.第二、四象限 D.第三、四象限
7.若干學生分宿舍,每間4人余20人,每間8人有一間不空也不滿,則宿舍有( ▲ )
A.5間 B.6間 C.7間 D.8間
8. 若點(-2,y1)、(-1,y2)、(1,y3)在反比例函數的圖象上,則下列結論中正確的是( ▲ )A. B. C. D.
9. 如果不等式組有解且均不在-內,那么m的取值范圍是( ▲)
A.m <-2 B.2≤ m ≤3 C.m ≥3 D.2≤ m <3
10. 如圖,已知A、B是反比例函數y=(k>0,x>0)圖象上的兩點,BC∥x軸,交y軸于
點C.動點P從坐標原點O出發,沿O→A→B→C(圖中“→”所示路線)勻速運動,終點為C.
過P作PM⊥x軸,PN⊥y軸,垂足分別為M、N.設四邊形OMPN的面積為S,P點運動時間為t,
則S關于t的函數圖象大致為( ▲ )

二、細心填一填(本大題共有12小題,每空2分,共28分.)
11.當x ▲ 時,有意義;當x = ___▲__ 時,分式值為0.
12.計算:(1) ▲ ;⑵= ▲ .
13.的最簡公分母是 ▲ .
14.不等式的負整數解是 ▲ .
15.比例函數y = (k ≠0)的圖象經過點(-1,4),則k = ▲ .
16.如果關于x的一元二次方程x2﹣6x+c=0(c是常數)沒有實根,那么c的取值范圍是 ▲ .
17.設函數與的圖象的交點坐標為(a,b),則的值為___▲_____.
18.關于x的方程的解是正數,則a的取值范圍是 ▲ .
19. 如圖1,直線y=kx+b過點A(0,2),且與直線y=mx交于
點P(1,m),則不等式組mx>kx+b>mx-2的解集是 ▲ .
20.甲、乙兩人從兩地同時出發,若相向而行,則a小時相遇;若同向而行,
則b小時甲追上乙,那么甲的速度是乙的速度的 ▲ 倍.
21.如圖2所示,有一邊長為8米的正方形大廳,它是由黑白完全相同的
方磚密鋪而成,則一塊方磚的邊長為____▲____.
22. 如圖3,兩個反比例函數和的
圖象分別是l1和l2.設點P在l1上,PC⊥x軸,
垂足為C,交l2于點A,PD⊥y軸,垂足為D,
交l2于點B,則△PAB的面積為 ▲ .
三、認真答一答(本大題共7小題,滿分52分. )
23. 解不等式(組) (每題4分,共8分)
(1) ⑵
24.解方程:(每題4分,共8分)
(1)x2-2x-3=0 (配方法) ⑵
25.(本題6分)先化簡,再求值:(-)÷,其中x滿足x2-x-1=0.
26.(本題11分)長山大道有長為24000米的新建道路要鋪上瀝青.
(1)寫出鋪路所需時間t(單位:天)與鋪路速度V(單位:米/天)的函數關系式;
(2)負責鋪路的工程公司現有的鋪路機每天最多能鋪路400米,預計最快多少天可以完成鋪路任務?
(3)為加快工程進度,公司決定投入不超過400萬元的資金,購進10臺更先進的鋪路機,現有甲、乙兩種機器可供選擇,其中每種機器的價格和每臺機器日鋪路的能力如下表.在原有的鋪路機連續鋪路40天后,新購進的10臺機器加入鋪路,公司要求至少比原預計的時間提前10天完成任務,問:有哪幾種購買方案?請你通過計算說明選擇哪種方案所用資金最少.


價格(萬元/臺)
45
25
每臺日鋪路(米)
50
30
27.閱讀理解:(本題8分)
對于任意正實數a、b,∵≥0, ∴≥0, ∴≥,
只有當a=b時,等號成立.結論:在≥(a、b均為正實數)中,若ab為定值p,則a+b≥,只有當a=b時,a+b有最小值.
根據上述內容,回答下列問題:
(1)若m>0,只有當m= ▲ 時,有最小值 ▲ .
(2)若m>0,只有當m= ▲ 時,2有最小值 ▲ .
(3)探索應用:如圖,已知A(-3,0),B(0,-4),P為雙曲線 (x>0) 上的
任意一點,過點P作PC⊥x軸于點C,PD⊥y軸于點D.則四邊形ABCD面積的最小值為 ▲ ,
此時四邊形ABCD的形狀是 ▲ .
28.(本題11分)如圖,一次函數與反比例函數的圖象交于A(1,5),
B(5,n)兩點,與軸交于D點, AC⊥軸,垂足為C.
(1)如圖甲, ①分別求出反比例函數和一次函數的解析式.
②若點P在反比例函數圖象上,且△PDC的面積等15,求P點的坐標.
③根據圖象直接寫出不等式的解集.
(2)如圖乙,若點E在線段AD上運動,連結CE,作∠CEF=45°,EF交AC于F點.
當△ECF為等腰三角形時,請直接寫出所有F點的坐標.

江陰市第一中學2012—2013學年度第二學期
初二數學期中答案
一、選擇題(本大題10共小題,每小題2分,共20分)
題號
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
答案
D
B
A
C
D
B
B
C
D
A
二、填空題(本大題共有12小題,每空2分,共28分)
11., ;12.⑴; ⑵2; 13. ; 14.,;
15.; 16. ;   17.; 18. 且;
19. ; 20.; 21.米; 22.
三、認真答一答(本大題共7小題,滿分51分. 解答應寫出必要的計算過程或推演步驟. )
23. 解不等式(組)(每題4分,共8分)
(1)解: (1′) 解: ⑵ 由⑴得 (1′)
(1′) 由⑵得 (1′)
(2′) (2′)
24.解方程:(每題4分,共8分)
(1)解: (1′) 解:⑵ (1′)
(1′) (1′)
(1′) (1′)
(1′) 經檢驗 是增根,原方程無解 (1′)
25.(本題6分).
解: 原式= (1′) 由x2-x-1=0得x2=x+1 (1′)
= (1′) 原式=1 (1′)
= (2′)
26.(本題11分)
解:(1)鋪路所需要的時間t與鋪路速度V之間的函數關系式是t=……. (2′)
(2)當v=400時,t==60(天). (1′)
(3)解:設可以購買甲種機器x臺,則購買乙種機器(10-x)臺,則有

解之,得5≤x≤7.5. (2′)
因為x是整數,所以 (1′)
因此可以購買甲種機器5臺、乙種機器5臺;甲種機器6臺、乙種機器4臺;
甲種機器7臺,乙種機器3臺;總共三種方案 (2′)
設所用資金為W元,則W=250+20x (1′)
當 x增大時,W隨x的增大而增大… (1′)
因此選擇第一種方案花費最少. …………………(1′)
27.閱讀理解:(本題8分,(1)(2)每空1分,(3)每空2分)
(1)m= 1 時,最小值 2 .
(2)m= 2 時,最小值 8 .
(3) 24 , 菱形 .
28.(本題11分)
解:(1)① , .2分
, 2分
②P(,6) 3分
③   2分
(2) (1,2.5);(1,5)   2分
江陰市第一中學2012-2013學年度第二學期期中考試
初二物理 2013.4
一、選擇題(每題2分,共30分)
1、下圖的四個實例中,目的是為了增大摩擦的是( )
2、一根銅棒,在下列情況下,其質量會變化的是( )
A.把銅棒扎成一薄銅片 B.把銅棒加熱到300℃
C.宇航員將銅棒帶到月球上 D.鉗工用銼刀對它進行加工
3、下列估測值最接近實際的是( )
A.家中熱水瓶的容積約為200cm3 B.一個小鐵釘受到的重力約為5N
C.鹽水的密度大約為0.9g/cm3 D.一個雞蛋的質量約為0.05kg
4、自然界分為宏觀和微觀,宏觀很大,如銀河系,微觀很小,如分子.要計量它們的直徑,下列所用的長度單位中最方便的是(  )
A.千米、米 B.光年、米 C.光年、納米 D.米、納米
5、下列實例中,材料的選用與描述的物理屬性不相符的是( )
A.中午裝飯盒的箱子用泡沫制成,是因為它的隔熱性好
B.教室的窗戶用玻璃制成,是因為玻璃的透光性好
C.我們的課桌用木頭制成,是因為木頭的彈性好
D.削鉛筆的刀刃用鋼鐵制成,是因為鋼鐵的硬度大
6、2011年11月3日,“神舟八號”飛船與“天宮一號”飛行器順利完成首次對接,開啟了中國航天事業發展的新階段。“天宮一號”內處于完全失重狀態。下列說法正確的是( )
A.在“天宮一號”內可以使用彈簧測力計測量力的大小
B.對接成功前“神舟八號”與“天宮一號”是相對靜止的
C.“天宮一號”內處于完全失重狀態,里面的宇航員將失去質量
D.給“天宮一號”補充物資后,“天宮一號”速度不變,慣性不變
7、下列說法正確的是( )
A.g=9.8N/kg表示質量為1kg的物體在地球表面所受重力大小等于9.8N
B.靜止于地面的物體所受的重力與它對地面的壓力是一對平衡力
C.高速飛行的子彈具有較大慣性,穿入木頭靜止后慣性消失
D.絲綢摩擦過的玻璃棒帶正電是因為在摩擦過程中產生了正電荷
8、如圖所示,第一次小明用水平力輕推靜止在水平地面上的大木箱,沒有推動;第二次用水平力推著木箱做勻速直線運動。下列說法正確的是(  )
A.第一次未推動因為推力小于摩擦力,第二次推著木箱運動時推力大于摩擦力
B.第一次未推動因為推力小于摩擦力,第二次推著木箱運動時推力等于摩擦力
C.第一次未推動因為推力等于摩擦力,第二次推著木箱運動時推力大于摩擦力
D.第一次未推動因為推力等于摩擦力,第二次推著木箱運動時推力等于摩擦力 
9、分別由不同物質a、b、c 組成的三個實心體,它們的體積和質量的關系如圖所示,由圖可知下列說法正確的是( )
A.a物質的密度最大
B.b 物質的密度是1.0×103kg/m3
C.c物質的密度是a的兩倍
D.b、c的密度與它們的質量、體積有關
10、2013年3月31日13時35分,中國空軍一架蘇-27型戰機在飛行訓練中失事于山東榮成市虎山鎮長會口大橋東頭北200米一處灘涂,為了避免飛機墜落在居民區,2名飛行員放棄了提前跳傘的機會,壯烈犧牲。下列說法不正確的是( )
A.飛機的機殼應選用密度小的合金材料才能減輕飛機的質量
B.飛機失去動力后墜落一定是由于重力的作用
C.飛機墜地的瞬間地面對飛機的支持力大于飛機對地面的壓力所以飛機損壞了
D.飛機落地墜毀說明力可以使物體發生形變
11、如圖所示,小車被人推開后向前運動,最終停下了。對這一過程的分析正確的是( )
A.由于慣性的作用,離開手的小車繼續向右運動
B. 小車運動得越來越慢,因為推力小于摩擦阻力
C. 小車在運動過程中豎直方向受到平衡力的作用
D. 假如沒有摩擦小車將一直做勻速直線運動或保持靜止
12、一個物體只受到兩個力的作用,且這兩個力的“三要素”完全相同,那么該物體( )
A.處于靜止狀態或勻速直線運動狀態 B.一定改變運動狀態
C.一定做勻速直線運動 D.一定處于靜止狀態
13、如圖所示,利用彈簧測力計測量一塊秒表的重力時,使測力計內彈簧伸長的力是(  )
A.秒表的重力 B.秒表和測力計的總重力
C.彈簧對秒表的拉力 D.秒表對彈簧的拉力
14、2011年5月,法國科學家發現行星“葛利斯581d”較適合地球生命居住,且同一物體在“葛利斯581d”行星表面所受重力大小是在地球表面的兩倍.設想宇航員從地球攜帶標有“100g”字樣的方便面、天平和彈簧測力計飛至行星“葛利斯581d”,測得方便面的示數是( )
A.天平示數為100g,彈簧測力計示數為1N
B.天平示數為100g,彈簧測力計示數為2N
C.天平示數為200g,彈簧測力計示數為1N
D.天平示數為200g,彈簧測力計示數為2N
15、一人站在電梯上隨電梯一起勻速上升,如圖1所示,則關于人的受力分析的下列敘述正確的是( )
A.人受到重力,豎直向上的彈力
B.人受到重力,豎直向上的彈力以及水平向左的摩擦力
C.人受到重力,豎直向上的彈力以及水平向右的摩擦力
D.人受到重力,豎直向上的彈力,電梯對人斜向上與速度方向一致的推力
二、填空題(每空1分,共27分)
16、將兩滴紅墨水同時滴入一杯冷水和一杯熱水中,如圖所示,這一現象叫 現象,比較兩幅圖說明 。
17、如圖所示,將兩個表面光滑的鉛塊相互緊壓后的現象,說明 。
18、將一根塑料繩一端握緊,把繩盡可能撕成細絲,用手從上向下捋幾下,下端出現如圖所示的現象,物理學上叫________????現象,圖中現象說明????????????????????????? .
19、H7N9型禽流感是一種新型禽流感,如圖所示,病毒直徑約等于0.1微米,它的運動________ (屬于/不屬于)分子的熱運動。于2013年3月底在上海和安徽兩地率先發現。目前尚未證實該病毒具有人傳人的能力。但是了解一定的預防知識也是必要的,請你為大家介紹一個預防方法:         。
20、原子的結構與太陽系十分相似,電子受______________(填“平衡力”或“非平衡力”)的作用而繞_________高速旋轉.
21、如圖是物理教材中的兩幅插圖,甲圖表示小鐵球受磁鐵作用的情況,說明力可以改變物體的    ;乙圖是坐在船中的人用手推另一只船時,自己坐的船同時后退,說明物體間_______________    。
22、如圖顯示的是同一木塊先后兩次在同一水平面上運動時,在相等時間內連續拍攝的“頻閃”照片。由圖可知,兩次實驗中,木塊的速度v甲____________v乙,木塊所受拉力的大小F甲___________F乙(均選填“>”、“=”或“<”)
23、水平桌面上用彈簧測力計拉著物體A甲圖位置勻速運動到圖乙位置,發現測力計讀數一直都如圖丙等于 N。說明滑動摩擦力的大小與 無關。

24、 如圖(甲)所示,物體甲重50N,被20N的水平壓力F甲壓在豎直墻壁上沿墻勻速下滑,則物體甲受到的摩擦力f甲= N.如圖(乙)所示,物體乙重60N,在10N 的水平拉力F乙作用下,仍保持靜止.物體乙受到的摩擦力f乙= N。
25、如圖甲所示,水平地面上的一物體,受到方向不變的水平推力F的作用,F的大小與時間t的關系和物體速度v與時間t的關系如圖乙所示。則第1秒末時,物體處于__________狀態,此時物體受到的摩擦阻力為_____N;第2秒末到第4秒末,物體做_________運動,此過程物體受到的摩擦阻力為_____N。
26、水平儀可以檢驗一個平面是否水平。若把它放在你的課桌上,重垂線錐體出現如圖所示的現象,說明此桌面的_____邊高(選填“左”或“右”)。重垂線是利用_________________ 原理制成的。
27、右手用2N的拉力水平向右拉彈簧測力計,如圖甲所示,此時測力計的示數為_____N;若左右手各用2N的拉力向兩邊水平拉彈簧測力計,如圖乙所示,此時測力計的示數為_____N。
28、體積為0.5m3的鋼瓶內裝有密度為6kg/m3的氧氣,某次電焊中用去了其中1/3,則鋼瓶內剩余氧氣的質量為_______kg,剩余氧氣的密度為___________kg/m3。
三、解答題(共43分)
29、(3分)作出圖甲中沿斜面勻速上滑的物體A所受摩擦力的示意圖和圖乙中不倒翁的受力示意圖(O為不倒翁的重心)。
30、(9分)為了研究物質的某種特性,小剛同學分別用甲、乙兩種不同的液體做實驗.實驗時,他用量筒和天平分別測出甲(或乙)液體在不同體積時的質量.
(1)小剛將天平放在水平桌面上,出現如圖1所示的現象,應采取的措施是先將游碼調到______________________,再將平衡螺母向______調,直到指針對準分度盤的中央。
(2)天平調節平衡后,小剛按圖2所示的方法來稱量物體的質量,小華立即對小剛說:“你操作時至少犯了兩個錯誤.”小華所說的兩個錯誤是:
①____________________________, ②____________________________.
(3)小剛虛心地聽取了小華的建議,重新進行操作.在稱量過程中,又出現了如圖1所示的情況,他應該_______________________________________
(4)下表記錄的是小剛實驗測得的數據及求得的質量與體積的比值.
物質
序號
體積(cm3)
質量(g)
質量/體積 (g/cm3)
l
5
9
1.80

2
10
18
1.80
3
15
27
1.80
4
5
4
0.80

5
10
8
O.80
6
15
12
0.80


①分析下表中實驗序號1與2(2與3、l與3)或4與5(5與6、4與6)的體積與質量變化的倍數關系,可歸納得出的結論是:_
②分析上表中實驗序號: ,可歸納得出:“體積相同的甲、乙兩種液體,它們的質量不相同”的結論.
③分析上表中甲、乙兩種液體的質量與體積的比值關系,可歸納得出的結論是:

④本實驗測量多組數據的目的是( )
A.取平均值減小誤差 B.尋找普遍規律
31、(5分)如圖所示是小華同學“探究滑動摩擦力大小與什么因素有關”的實驗.
(1)實驗過程中,小華用彈簧測力計沿水平方向拉著長方體木塊A做勻速直線運動,這樣做的目的是_________________________.
(2)分析圖_________兩圖可知,在接觸面粗糙程度相同時,壓力越大,滑動摩擦力越大.
(3)分析圖甲和丙,發現彈簧測力計的示數F1<F3,說明: _____________________.
(4)圖乙中,F2=4N,砝碼受到的摩擦力f=________N.
(5)小華同學還想利用上面的實驗器材探究滑動摩擦力大小與接觸面積的關系,她應該怎么做:___________________________________.
32、(5分)地溝油中含有大量對人體有毒、有害的物質。一些不法商人對其進行簡單的脫水、脫雜、脫臭處理后,冒充色拉油在市場上銷售,欺騙、傷害市民。
小華想用測密度的方法來鑒別色拉油和地溝油。首先,他通過網絡查得優質色拉油的密度在0.91g/cm3 - 0.93g/cm3之間,地溝油的密度在0.94g/cm3 - 0.95g/cm3之間。然后,他設計了以下步驟進行實驗鑒別:
A、將部分樣品油倒入量筒中后,測出燒杯和剩余樣品油的總質量m;
B、將天平放在水平臺面上調平;
C、取適量樣品油倒入燒杯,用天平測出燒杯和樣品油的總質量M;
D、讀出量筒中樣品油的體積V;
E、根據測算出的密度,鑒別樣品油的品質;
F、利用實驗數據,計算出樣品油的密度;
(1)請將上面實驗步驟正確排序: (填字母序號)
(2)由圖示可知,M = 克;樣品油的體積V = ml。
(3)若m=23.8克,則樣品油的密度 g/cm3。
(4)小華通過比對測算結果,可斷定樣品油是 (是/不是)地溝油。
33.(8分)在“探究二力平衡條件”的活動中,主要是通過探究力對物體的作用效果來實現探究目的的。如圖甲是小華同學探究二力平衡條件時的實驗情景.
(1)小華將系于小卡片(重力可忽略不計)兩對角的線分別跨過左右支架上的滑輪,在線的兩端掛上鉤碼,使作用在小卡片上的兩個拉力方向______,并通過調整_____來改變拉力的大小.
(2)小明還進行如圖乙所示的探究活動。這樣的操作是為了探究物體在平衡狀態下所受的兩個力( )
?A.大小是否相等 ?? B.方向是否相反
??C.是否作用在同一直線上
(3)為了驗證只有作用在同一物體上的兩個力才能平衡,在圖甲所示情況下,小華下一步的操作是:__________________ .
(4)在探究同一問題時,小明將木塊放在水平桌面上,沒計了如圖丙所示的實驗,同學們認為小華的實驗優于小明的實驗.其主要原因是( )
A.減少摩擦力對實驗結果的影響 B.小書片是比較容易獲取的才料
C.容易讓小卡片在水平方向上保持平衡 D.小卡片容易扭轉
(5)請你為小明的探究方案提一個改進意見:___________________________ .
34.(9分)小宇騎車不踩踏腳板,在水平路面上也能滑行一段距離。于是他猜想滑行的距離不僅與路面的粗糙程度有關還可能與初始速度有關。為探究其中的奧秘,他在水平桌面上搭成一斜面,并用毛巾、棉布、木板等改變水平桌面的粗糙程度,請你觀察小車由斜面滑下后在水平面上滑行的實驗現象思考后回答:(7分)
(1) 為了探究滑行距離與小車初速度的關系,他先后三次將小車從_______處釋放,比較小車在 _________面上滑行的路程長短(選填“同一粗糙”或“不同粗糙”)。
(2)為了探究與水平面的粗糙程度關系。
①三次實驗是將小車從斜面上的_______ 處釋放;
②三次實驗中,小車在_______表面上運動時受到的摩擦力最小,小車速度改變最_______ (選填“快”或“慢”);
③進一步推理可知,若水平面光滑無摩擦,則小車會在水平面上______________。
(3) 實驗后小宇猜想:小車在水平面上的滑行距離,除了與上述兩個因素有關外,還可能與質量有關。為了驗證這一猜想,小宇又做了如下實驗:在小車上加放數量不等的鉤碼后,讓小車從同一高度由靜止滑到水平的木板上,記錄小車和鉤碼的總質量m和它在水平面的滑行距離S,記錄數據如下:
從上述數據分析,可以得到的結論是:在初速度和接觸面粗糙程度相同的條件下,物體在水平面上滑行的距離與物體的質量大小________ ;
(4)控制變量法是探究物理規律的重要方法之一,在下列探究過程中運用了這一方法的是( )
A.探究光在水中的傳播路徑 B.探究物體的重力與質量之間的關系
C.探究聲音能否在真空中傳播 D.探究滑動摩擦力的大小與壓力的關系
35、(4分)小明家有一枚質量為2.1g的銀幣,他想用量筒測算出該銀幣是不是純銀的,所用的量筒規格如圖所示。請通過計算說明他能否鑒別出該銀幣?(純銀的密度ρ銀=10.5×103kg/m3)
江陰市第一中學2012-2013學年度第二學期
初二物理期中試卷答題紙 2013年4月
一、選擇題(共15題,每題2分,計30分)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
B
D
D
C
C
A
A
D
B
C
C
B
D
B
A
二、填空題(每空1分,計27分)
16、擴散 溫度越高分子的熱運動越劇烈
17、分子間有相互作用的引力
18、摩擦起電 同種電荷相互排斥
19、不屬于 略
20、非平衡力 原子核
21、運動狀態 力的作用是相互的
22、< =
23、2.8 受力面積
24、50 10
25、靜止 1 加速 2
26、右 重力的方向總是豎直向下的
27、2 2
28、2 4
三、解答題(本題共9小題,共40分.)
29、略

30、(1) 左端零刻度線 右
(2)不應用手拿砝碼 沒有“左物右碼”
(3) 向右盤內加小砝碼或向右調游碼
(4)①同種物質,體積與質量成正比
②1、4(或25或36)
③不同物質,質量與體積的比值一般不同
④B
31、(1)使彈簧測力計的示數等于滑動摩擦力的大小
(2)甲、乙
(3)壓力一定時,接觸面越粗糙,滑動摩擦力越大
(4)0
(5)略
32、(1)B C A D F E
(2)52 30
(3)0.94
(4)是
33、(1)相反 鉤碼數量
(2) C
(3) 用剪刀將小紙片一剪為二
(4)A
(5)略
34、(1)不同高度 同一粗糙
(2)①同一高度
②木板 慢
③做勻速直線運動
(3)無關
(4)D
35、 略
江陰市第一中學2012-2013學年度第二學期期中考試
初二英語 2013. 4
第一卷 選擇題 (共60分)
一、聽力測試(共20分,每題1分)
第一節 (共10小題)
聽第1至10段材料,回答第1至10題。
( ) 5. What is Mike now?.
A. A teacher B. A doctor C. A student
( ) 6. How long has Xiao Wang learn English?
A. About last year B. About one year C. About three years
( ) 7. What time does the post office open?
A. At 7:45. B. At 8:00. C. At 8:15.
( ) 8. Where has Jack gone?
A. He’s gone to the garden. B. He’s gone to the kitchen. C. He’s gone to the bedroom.
( ) 9. What’s the name of the CD-ROM?
A Travel around America B. Travel around the world C. Online travel
( )10. What does she want to do?
A. She wants to get some presents for her mother.
B. She wants to help her parents.
C. She wants to go on a holiday.
第二節(共10小題)
聽第一段材料,回答第11-12題。
( ) 11. Who comes to the city?
A. The woman’s parents. B. The man’s parents. C. The man’s grandparents.
( ) 12. What do the visitors think of the city?
A. They like it very much. B. They have no idea. C. They hate the city.
聽第二段材料,回答13-15題。
( )13. Where are the man and the woman?
A. In a shop. B. On a bus. C. In the post office.
( )14. Where is the woman going?
A. To the post office. B. To the library. C. To the park.
( )15. How much does the dearest ticket cost?
A. Three yuan. B. Two yuan. C. One yuan.
聽第三段短文,回答第16-20題。
( ) 16. When did this happen?
A. One evening. B. One night. C. One morning.
( ) 17. How many persons were there in the room when someone was knocking at the door?
A. One person. B. Two persons. C. Three persons.
( ) 18. What did the young man wear?
A. A white shirt. B. Long trousers. C. A pair of glasses.
( ) 19. Who was the young man ?
A. He was a friend of the writer’s.
B. He was the friend of the writer’s brother.
C. He was a strange man to them.
( ) 20. What was mostly the end of the story?
A. The young man was taken away by the police.
B. The young man became their friend.
C. The young man ran away.
二、單項選擇(共15分,每小題1分)
( )21. — This is _________ film I’ve told you about many times.
—It’s great. I’ve never seen _________ more interesting one.
A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a
( )22. When _____ he ____ the Football Club ? And how long ____ he _____ it?
A. did…join; has…been B. did…join in; have…been a member of
C. did…join; has…been in D. has… joined; has…been a member of
( )23. --- Have you finished drawing your picture _____, Tom?
--- Certainly, Mum. I have drawn it ______. Can I go out for a walk now?
A. yet; yet B. already; already C. yet; already D. already; yet
( )24. --- What do you think of living _______ in the big flat? --- I think I will feel __________.
A. on your own; alone B. by yourself; alone C. alone; lonely D. lonely; alone
( )25. The CDs _______ well. They will _________ soon.
A. sell; sell out B. are sold; sell out C. are sold; be sold out D. sell; be sold out
( )26. ---Look! The line of people is ______. --- Bad luck. I don’t think we can get any tickets.
A. hopeless B. helpless C. endless D. careless
( )27. Sally, hurry up! The TV play has ________ for about ten minutes.
A. began B. begun C. started D. been on
( )28. The students shouted with ______ when they heard the _______ news.
A. excited; exciting B. exciting; excited C. excitement; exciting D. exciting; exciting
( )29. –Would you like to have a party? --Yes, very much. It _______ to be exciting.
A. likes B. is looking C. seems D. as
( )30. –Shall we organize a charity show to raise money for Project Hope? --_________.
A. It’s nothing B. That’s a good idea C. What a pity D. It doesn’t matter
( )31. --- Jack, do you feel _____ nervous when you speak in class? --- No, but I used to be.
A. a bit B. a bit of C. a few D. a few of
( )32. Hard work brings us _________, but if we are lazy, we won’t be ________.
A. success; success B. successful; success C. successful; successful D. success; successful
( )33. Yesterday Millie _______ her MP4 to me and said I could ______ it for a week.
A. lent; borrow B. borrowed; borrow C. lent; keep D. borrowed; keep
( )34. ---Tom, why not stop ________ a rest?
--- Oh, no, Mum. It’s so exciting that I can’t stop _______ the kite.
A. having; flying B. to have; to fly C. having; to fly D. to have; flying
( )35. There __________ many old and low houses near our school.
A. used to have B. was used to be C. used to being D. used to be
三、完形填空(共5分,每小題0.5分)
Uncle Sam and Aunt Kate came to visit us from America last weekend. This was 36 first time to come to Hong Kong. Yesterday my family showed them around Hong Kong.
We got up early in the morning and had breakfast at home. First, we went to the tram(有軌電車) station and 37 a tram. This was Uncle Sam and Aunt Kate’s first 38 on a tram. They thought that it was 39 and they liked the “Ding! Ding!” sound. We 40 the tram at Central. Then we took a boat to Tsim Sha Tsui. On the way, Uncle Sam took a video of many buildings. The wind blew softly on our faces. We 41 a lot.
After having a rest, we went to a restaurant for 42 . It was famous for nice food. We 43 a lot of food. I liked pork pies best 44 I ate three. Aunt Kate liked rice dumplings most. After lunch, we went to the Avenue of Stars. Uncle Sam and Aunt Kate were very 45 when they saw the signatures(簽名) and handprints(手印) of some famous stars. But it was a little fun to me. In all, we had a good time that day.
( )36. A. our
B. his
C. her
D. their
( )37. A. watched
B. painted
C. took
D. bought
( )38. A. drive
B. ride
C. aim
D. report
( )39. A. interesting
B. boring
C. frightened
D. surprised
( )40. A. turned off
B. got off
C. waited for
D. looked for
( )41. A. flew
B. hurried
C. relaxed
D. worried
( )42. A. snacks
B. desserts
C. supper
D. lunch
( )43. A. brought
B. ordered
C. made
D. showed
( )44. A. as
B. or
C. and
D. but
( )45. A. nervous
B. strange
C. silent
D. excited
四、閱讀理解(共20分,每小題2分)
(A)
There are many people who do jobs that help you.
1. Engineers know about Maths and science. They use what they know about Maths and science to build new things. Engineers help build almost everything we use. Some engineers make TVs sound better. Some make computer games that are fun to play. Some also make old things work better for people.
2. Police officers work hard to keep towns and cities safe. They help when there are accidents. Police officers also try to stop accidents. They make sure that people don’t break rules.
3. Firefighters put out fires in buildings, cars and forests. They save people who are trapped in burning buildings. Firefighters try to stop fires in forests before the fires get to towns.
4. People who pick up garbage (垃圾) also help keep towns and cities safe. If garbage is not picked up, people can get sick from germs (病菌). These people work day and night to keep us healthy and safe.
( )46. Which is right?
①save people who are trapped in burning buildings
②try to stop accidents
③make sure people don’t break rules
④stop fires in forests before the fires spread quickly
⑤get people sick from germs
A. Police officers:②⑤ Firefighters:①③ B. Police officers:②④ Firefighters:①⑤
C. Police officers:②③ Firefighters:①④ D. Police officers:①② Firefighters:③⑤
( )47. If garbage is not picked up, it will _________.
A. make people get sick B. keep people healthy
C. keep people safe D. help keep towns and cities safe
(B)
Ruby, the artist, is an Asian elephant, She is17 years old. She lives in the zoo. Ruby has produced about 100 paintings since last year. She has made more than $ 40,000 for the zoo. Zoo leaders say Ruby first showed the talent (才能) about four years ago. Zoo workers watched her make the marks in the sand with her trunk. She rubbed (擦掉) out the marks, then made the new ones. The zoo worker gave her brushes and paints. Soon Ruby painted pictures.
Newspaper reporters wrote Ruby, then people asked about buying her pictures. And in this way, she made a lot of money for the zoo. This is how Ruby does the paintings. A zoo worker holds different color paints. Ruby touches the colors she wants. Then the worker gives her brushes with the chosen colors in her trunk and Ruby begins painting.
( )48. We can most probably read this story_______.
A. in a dictionary B. in a newspaper C. in a book on art D. in history textbooks
( )49. People asked about buying Ruby's pictures because_______.
A. newspaper reporters bought her picture B. her pictures were better than those of real artists
C. they just wanted to have fun D. zoo workers would let them have a free visit to the park
( )50. Ruby rubbed out the marks she had drawn in order to_______.
A. make other ones B. clear her trunk
C. dig a hole in the sand D. ask for brushes and paints
(C)
How much should you save? You may be able to save 100% of your money. Does that mean you should? Not at all. The best way to develop good saving habits is to make saving a regular(有規律的) part of your life, along with spending.
Here’s the rule you should remember: save before spending. Whenever some money gets into your hands from a job or your pocket money or whatever, take your savings out at once before spending any of money. The beauty of this system(體系) is that once you’ve taken away your savings, you’re free to spend the rest.
Here is some more advice on how to successfully get into the saving habit from teens(青少年). Let’s see!
Tony, 13: I put my money in a bank instead of my wallet, so the money is not there. And I have to take an extra step to get it.
Billy, 14: When thinking about a major purchase (購買), wait a week or so at least. This will help you make sure you still want it, and the price might go down.
Dick, 13: Carry very little money always. You can’t spend money if you don’t have it. A cake would be nice, but without a dollar, you can’t get it. Little things like that really add up quickly.
Steve, 16: I used to be weak when it came to money. I bought something whenever I went into a store. I’m glad I’m not that person now. I taught myself discipline (訓練) by keeping a $20 bill in my pocket while walking around the mall all day and not buying anything. Now I have no strong wish to buy things when I go into a store. It works for me.
These ideas should help you get started. If you have some questions about anything you’ve read here, or you would like to share your ideas about saving money, please write to us.
( )51. How does Tony advise you to save money?
A. By keeping money in a bank. B. By putting money in a wallet.
C. By making it easy to get your money. D. By buying little things.
( )52. According to Billy, if you want to buy something expensive, you’d better _________.
A. wait at least a month B. make sure it is necessary
C. wait until it’s on sale D. ask somebody for help
( )53. The writer wrote the passage in order to ask teens to __________.
A. make major purchases B. save 100% of their money
C. spend all their saving regularly D. save money regularly as well as spending
(D)
Have you ever heard about the Whale Inside Dark Restaurant? The restaurant is in eastern downtown Beijing. It’s the first eat-in-the-dark restaurant in China and also in Asia. The restaurant is so welcome, since it’s open in January at jianwai SOHO in Chaoyang District.
People go there will experience darkness both during the day and the night. The restaurant offers not only a wonderful choice for food, but also a unique(特別的) environment for friends or parties.
Every day, Whale Inside receives at least 50 guests(客人) from everywhere around Beijing. About 10 per cent of them are foreigners. The customers will go to the light to see the menu, and then they have to hand in all mobile phones, watches and other things that can give off light. They then move to the dark world. Waiters will lead them to the dark dining area. Of course, the waiters are all wearing special glasses that can make them see in the dark. Customers cannot see anything including their food or friends. They have to look for their spoons, drinks and anything.
Every table may get a “secret dish”. The guests will have one chance to guess what the dish is made of. Every one who guesses it correctly can win a prize. “It was not easy”, said the manager, “because without seeing it, only 30 per cent of the guests can succeed in guessing it.”
( )54. About _______foreign guests will visit the restaurant every day according to the passage.
A. 50 B. 5 C. 10 D. 500
( )55. The passage mainly tells us that _______.
A. eat in the darkis very popular today
B. it's strange to eat in the darkness
C. many people go to get the prize in Whale Inside
D. the first eat-in-the-dark restaurant is open in China and also in Asia.
第二卷 非選擇題 (40分)
五、單詞拼寫(共10分,每小題1分)
1. There’s less air pollution here. The air here is very ____________(新鮮的).
2. The tower has stood on the top of the hill for five _____________(世紀)
3. I couldn’t __________(控制) myself any more and began to laugh.
4. Line 1 Underground will be in __________ (服務) next month.
5. Computers are ___________(廣泛地) used around the world, aren’t they?
6. Our English teacher likes reading ____________(educate) books.
7. Many birds fly to _________________ (south) cities when cold weather comes.
8. Our best friend Jane has been very busy _____________(recent).
9. The shirt is one of the _________(act) over there.
10. Zhanglong is a protected area. It’s ____________(correct) to hunt or fish there.
六、動詞填空(共10分,每小題1分)
1. Don’t worry, you have lots of time __________ (choose) the best one from them.
2. He _____________(not see) his parents since he left his hometown.
3. What ____________ your father ____________ (do) at noon the day before yesterday?
4. Will the film stars be able to ____________ (be) there on time?
5. There are two girls _______________ (sing) in the next room.
6. The children are making cards ___________ (show) their love to their parents.
7. Jim____________ (not be) at home when I came back.
8. __________ these words __________ (write) on the card next time?
9. The guide is telling them how ___________(get) around the zoo.
10. Hi, Lucy! You ____________ (want) on the phone.
七、完成句子(共9分,每小題1.5分)
一些動物因為這些變化,失去了它們可居住的區域。
Some animals _________________________________________________.
我們在香港已呆了兩個多星期。
We ______________________________________________________two weeks.
當關天朗在高爾夫比賽中創記錄時,我們都忍不住高興地喊了起來。
All of us __________________________when Guan Tianlang broke the record in the golf competition.
你介意告訴我怎樣使用這個功能嗎?
Do you mind _____________________________________________________________?
食品安全將在我們的日常生活中被越來越多的人意識到。
The safety of food _____________________________________________in our daily life.
Tom是如此害羞以致于不能在一大群人前講話。
Tom is _________________________________________________a large group of people.
八、缺詞填空(共6分,每小題0.5分)
Reading for pleasure is the easiest way to become a better reader in English. It is also the most i 1 way. Some students say they don’t want to read for pleasure. They say they want to use their time to learn the rules of the l 2 and new words. They say that pleasure reading is too easy.
Many experts (專家) say pleasure reading is very important for l 3 English. Dr. Stephen Krashen, a f 4 expert on learning languages, says that pleasure reading h 5 you learn many important things about English. Students learn more grammar and more words w 6 they read for pleasure. They also learn more about good writing.
Dr. Krashen tells us that pleasure reading helps each student in a different w 7 . Each student needs to learn something different. Pleasure reading makes it p 8 for each student to learn what he or she needs.
Reading for pleasure is not the s 9 as studying. When you read for pleasure, you c 10 your own books, and you don’t have to remember everything. There are no tests on your pleasure reading books. Pleasure reading will help you: learn how English s 11 use English; read faster in English; find examples of good writing in English; learn new w 12 ; learn about the cultures(文化) of English speakers, and so on.
九、書面表達(共5分)
6月3日在江陰市第一中學將有一場義演,請根據以下提示,為宣傳海報寫一篇60詞左右的文章。
1. 組織這場義演的目的是給“希望工程”捐款。2. “希望工程”幫助建造學校,也幫助貧困兒童上學。
3. 義演的門票為每張20元; 4. 義演于晚上6:30開始,9:30結束;
5. 希望你們都會來并支持“希望工程”。
2013初二英語答案
聽力
ACABC BBAAA CABBA BACCA
單項選擇
DCCCD CDCCB ADCDD
完形填空
DCBAB CDBCD
閱讀理解
CABCA ABDBD
單詞拼寫
1. fresh 2. centuries 3. control 4. service 5. widely
6. educational 7. southern 8. recently 9. actors’ 10. incorrect
動詞填空
1. to choose 2. hasn’t seen 3. was ,doing 4. be 5. singing
6. to show 7. wasn’t 8. Will, be written 9. to get 10. are wanted

完成句子
lost their living areas because of these changes
have been in Hong Kong for more than / over
couldn’t stop shouting with joy
telling me how to use this fun_ction
will be realized by more and more people
so shy that he can’t speak in front of
缺詞填空
1. important 2. language 3. learning 4. famous 5. helps 6. when
7. way 8. possible 9. same 10. choose 11. speakers 12. words
書面表達
(略)
初二英語聽力測試現在開始
第一節 (共10小題)
聽第1至10段材料,回答第1至10題。
1. M: Don’t forget to take any photos of Mount Fuji.
W: I know. I’ll take many beautiful pictures to show you.
2. M: How beautiful the park is!
W: So it is. But it used to be a factory with much pollution here.
3.M: What’s the weather like today?
W: It is windy and rainy.
4. M: Where shall we go?
W: Let’s go to Italy for our holiday.
5. M: What is your plan after finishing school, Mike?
W: Well, my parents want me to be a teacher, while I want to be a doctor.
6. M: When did you begin to learn English, Xiao Wang?
W: Last year.
7. M: Well, I wonder why the office is still not open?
W: But it’s not yet eight. It’s only a quarter to eight.
8. M: Where’s Jack? I want to talk to him.
W: I think he’s in the garden.
9. M: Who is the educational CD-ROM designed by?
W: You mean the CD-ROM “travel around America”? It is designed by Nancy.
10. W: Today is my mother’s birthday.
M: Really? You should buy some presents for her.
W: Yes , I think so.
第二節(共10小題)
聽第一段材料,回答第11-12題。
W: I hear that your parents are visiting you. How do they like the city?
M: Oh, they like it a lot.
W: How long have they been here?
M: Three and a half weeks. But I think they’re ready to go home. They miss their grandchildren.
聽第二段材料,回答13-15題。
M: Tickets, please
W: How much is it?
M: Where are you going to get off?
W: I’ll get off at the library behind the post office.
M: That will be one yuan.
W: Don’t all the tickets cost the same?
M: Of course not. If you take one more stop, it will cost you two yuan.
W: How much is the dearest?
M: Three yuan.
聽第三段短文,回答第16-20題。
It was quite late at night. I was reading a newspaper alone in my room when I heard someone knocking at the door. I opened it and saw a young man with glasses standing there. He said that he was a friend of my brother’s and wanted to have a talk with him. I didn’t know if my brother had such a friend, but I had to let him in.
As we talked, I found that he knew nothing about my brother. Then I came to know that his words were not true. Suddenly my brother rushed in and the young man was so surprised that he didn’t know what to do for a moment. We caught the man and sent for the police at the same time.
聽力測試到此結束。
江陰市第一中學2012—2013學年度第二學期期中考試
初二語文 2013.4

積累與運用(14分)
1.下列各組詞語中讀音和書寫正確的一項是: ( )(3分)
A.倦怠dài 翡翠fěi 不折不撓náo B.汪洋萬傾qǐng 秀頎qí 虬qiú枝
C.迸bìng濺 諦dì聽 漠mò不關心 D.強qiáng聒不舍 狹隘ài 枯瘠jí
2.下列各句中加點詞語使用不恰當的一項是 ( )(2分)
A.老師的話語像一股暖流融化了他那顆冰冷的心,好好學習的念頭在他心中潛滋暗長。
B.永遠不要認為你已經學富五車,在這大千世界中,你所知道的不過是大海中的一滴水。
C.蛇年春晚的小品《大城小事》,演員們表演風趣,讓觀眾們忍俊不禁地哈哈大笑。
D.寫作的時候,我喜歡在方格紙上,不受拘束地,心無旁騖地抒寫下去。
3.選出下列加點字解釋有誤的一項 ( )(3分)
A.斯是陋室: 此,這 B.且欲與常馬等不可得:并且,而且
C.持就火煬之 :烤 D.罔不因勢象形:依據
4.下列句子沒有語病的一項是: (?? ?)(2分)
A.保持艱苦樸素的生活作風是關系到廣大干部能否繼承并發揚革命傳統的大問題。B.經過精心選育,使野生蘭花清香誘人,珍品迭出。
C.感冒退熱沖劑的主要成分是大青葉、板蘭根、草河車配制而成的。
D.為了防止這類交通事故再發生,我們加強了交通安全的教育和管理。
5.從下列兩則材料中得到的啟示概括正確的一項是 (    )(2分)
材料①:根據科學試驗計算,一只蜜蜂要釀一公斤蜜,須在100萬朵花上采原料,飛行距離差不多繞地球赤道11周。
材料②:一個青年苦惱地對昆蟲學家法布爾說:“我不知疲倦地把全部精力都放在自己喜歡的事業上,結果卻收效甚微。”“看來你是個獻身科學的有志青年。”法布爾贊許地說。這位青年說:“是啊,我愛科學,可是我也愛文學,對音樂和美術我也感興趣,我把時間都用上了。”法布爾聽完后,從口袋里掏出一個放大鏡說:“把你的精力集中到一個焦點上試試,就像這個放大鏡一樣。”
A.選取正確的方向是取得成功的前提。
B.學習既要博采眾長,又要專一,才能有所成就。
C.勤奮是通向成功的階梯。
D.只有珍惜時間、努力拼搏,才能取得成功。
6.填入下面橫線上的句子,排列恰當的一項是 ( )(2分)
千島湖畔的油茶樹,生就了一副怪脾氣。 。冷寂的秋天在油茶花的映襯下,多了好些嫵媚。同在秋天開放的菊花,古往今來,受到多少人的歌吟和追捧。而油茶花卻安貧樂道,不慕虛華,更有君子氣。
①這花,如秋葉般靜美,不慌不忙,從從容容綻放。
②放眼望去,像一層薄薄的初雪覆壓,又如一場濃霜驟然降臨。?
③她不羨慕春的熱鬧、夏的燦爛,卻選擇在落木蕭蕭的秋,開出甜蜜淡雅的花。?
④白色的花瓣,黃色的花蕊,你挨我,我挨你,層層綴滿枝頭。? A.③①④②?   B.④①②③?   C.③④①②   D.④②③①?
二、閱讀與賞析(共44分)
(一)(4分)
????????????????????????? 重送裴郎中貶吉州
劉長卿
猿啼客散暮江頭,人自傷心水自流。
同作逐臣君更遠,青山萬里一孤舟。
7.閱讀上面的一首詩,回答問題。
(1)首句的景物描寫在詩中起什么作用?(2分)
     
(2)末句通過對比手法,抒發了作者怎樣的情感?(2分)

??????????????????????????????????? (二)(10分)
約取而實得
葉奕繩①嘗言強記之法:“某②性甚鈍。每讀一書,遇所喜即札錄之,錄訖朗誦十余遍,粘之壁間,每日必十余段,少也六七段。掩卷閑步,即就壁問觀所粘錄,日三五次以為常,務期精熟,一字不遺。壁既滿,乃取第一日所粘者收笥③中。俟再讀有所錄,補粘其處。隨收隨補,歲無曠日。一年之內,約得三千段。數年之后,腹笥漸滿。每見務為泛濫者④,略得影響⑤而止,稍經時日,便成枵腹⑥,不如予之約⑦取而實得也。”
【注釋】①葉奕繩:山東歷城人,有文采,善劇曲。②某:我。③笥(sì):古代盛飯或盛衣服的方形竹器。④務為泛濫者:務為,力求;泛濫,此指多而雜亂。⑤影響:此處指印象。⑥枵(xiāo)腹:空腹,指毫無學問。⑦約:簡要,精練。
8.解釋下列句中加點的詞。(4分)
①錄訖朗誦十余遍 ②即就壁問觀所粘錄
③一字不遺 ④俟再讀有所錄
9.下列句中“之”與“粘之壁間”中的“之”用法相同的一項是(?? ? )(2分)
??A. 葉奕繩嘗言強記之法 B. 馬之千里者
C. 跪而拾之以歸 D. 只辱于奴隸人之手
10.翻譯句子。(2分)
日三五次以為常

11.作者在文中倡導“約取而實得”的讀書方法。“約取”的具體表現為:“遇所喜即札錄之”,“實得”的具體表現為 。與“約取”相對的是: ,
與“實得”相對的是:“稍經時日,變成枵腹”。(用文中話回答)(2分)
(三)(4分)
美國科學家發明處理金屬玻璃新方法
①金屬玻璃用途廣泛,但用其制造零件時成本高昂,而且容易留下瑕疵。現在,美國科學家研發出一種名為快速火花成型的新技術。
②1960年,科學家們首先發現了金屬玻璃,金屬玻璃既有金屬和玻璃的優點,又克服了它們各自的弊病,其強度是工業用鋼鐵的3倍、柔韌性是鋼鐵的10倍,廣泛應用于航空航天和消費電子等領域。
③以前,人們主要通過將金屬玻璃加熱到結晶的熔點之上來制造金屬玻璃零件。人們將熔融的金屬玻璃投入一個鐵模具中,讓其在結晶之前冷卻。但有個問題:鐵模具一般只能承受 600攝氏度左右的溫度,因此,需要經常替換,這就大大增加了生產成本。而且,在1000攝氏度高溫下,液態金屬玻璃的流動性很強,很容易潑濺,讓最終獲得的零件“傷痕累累”。
④杰森團隊另辟蹊徑,以極快的速度來加熱和處理金屬玻璃。他們只將固態金屬玻璃加熱到500攝氏度左右,使其達到流動性足以讓其注入一個模具中并冷卻下來的液體狀態,一切都發生在金屬玻璃結晶之前。杰森團隊使用電阻加熱技術來均勻且快速地加熱這種材料。他們在約1微秒內,朝一根小金屬玻璃棒發射一束短暫而密集的電流脈沖,給其傳送1000焦耳的能量來將其加熱。該電流脈沖均勻地加熱了整個金屬玻璃,速度是以前的1000多倍。杰森表示,半微秒內,金屬玻璃就達到了合適的溫度,然后,熔融狀態下的金屬玻璃被注入模具中并冷卻,耗時僅幾微秒。
⑤杰森團隊使用這一新技術,成功地在550攝氏度、不到40微秒內將一個金屬玻璃棍加熱制成了一個環形物體,新環形物沒有瑕疵,也沒有被氧化。
12.第②自然段畫線句運用了哪兩種說明方法?有何作用?(2分)
答:                                      
13.請結合文章內容概括回答,采用這種新方法處理金屬玻璃有哪些好處?(2分) 答:                                      
(四)(4分)
跌倒了也要笑
① 日本著名哲學家中江兆民,早年留學法國,學養厚重,著述譯著多部,人稱“東方盧梭”。1901年,他54歲時被檢出患了咽頭癌,醫生判斷最多只能活“一年半”。他在“只要有一口氣,就一定有事可做,也可過得愉快”的信念支持下,開始最后兩部著作的寫作。他最終沒有活過“一年半”,但氣管被割開,“枯瘦得像仙鶴一樣”的他,卻以超常的毅力,完成了日本學術史上里程碑式的著作《一年有半》《讀一年有半》。他在重病期間寫的名詩《跌倒時也要笑》,也在日本不脛而走,流傳至今。
② 跌倒也要笑,是苦中作樂的頑強精神,是不屈不撓的人生態度,具有這樣的可貴品質,早晚會走出低谷,再創輝煌,即便壯志未酬,也會雖敗猶榮,雖死猶生。從古到今這樣的例子不勝枚舉。
③當年,曹操兵敗赤壁,80萬大軍被掃蕩一空,身邊只有數騎。逃亡路上,將士都心情沮喪,無精打采。曹操卻談笑風生,似乎是在凱旋。他的樂觀情緒感染了周圍的人,行進速度明顯加快,不久便脫離險境,回到魏地。后來重整旗鼓,卷土重來,也沒要太長時間。
④蘇東坡因烏臺詩案被貶謫,這一跤讓他跌得鼻青臉腫,慘不忍睹,先貶黃州,又貶穎州、惠陽,最遠貶到海南儋州,這是僅比滿門抄斬罪輕一等的處罰。面對人生低谷,超強的樂觀精神救了他,東坡放言:“百年須笑三萬六千場,一日一笑,此生快哉!”于是,黃州城外赤壁山前開懷一笑,《赤壁賦》《后赤壁賦》和《念奴嬌·赤壁懷古》等千古名作便橫空出世,奠定了他文化偉人的歷史地位。
⑤曾有人說,三個蘋果改變了世界:一個蘋果誘惑了夏娃,一個蘋果砸中了牛頓,還有一個蘋果在喬布斯手中,這個蘋果被咬去一口,是他多年遭受苦難的隱喻。創業、跌倒、再創業、再跌倒,經過十幾年的打拼,他終于有了自己的公司和產品。可是,他的手下居然發動“政變”,把他從自己的公司掃地出門。跌了這樣的大跟頭,他不過淡然一笑,又開始重新 創業。不久,機會來了,他原來的公司終于看到了他的價值,又請他回去主持大局。從此,他便如魚得水,大顯身手,事業一路高歌,奇跡接連出現,他的產品影響了整個世界。
⑥《菜根譚》說得好:“得意時論地談天,俱是水底撈月;拂意時,吞冰嚙雪,才為火內栽蓮。”就是說,作為一個修行人,處處順境,就得不到真實修行;必須要在逆境中,才能夠有所成就。作為一個創業人,不經失敗,不跌跟頭,沒有“跌倒也要笑”的精神,也不會真正成熟。只有在跌倒的時候仍然能夠直面南天,能夠仰天長笑,你才能成為一個真正的強者,才能成為一個成功者。
14.選文的中心論點是什么?(2分)

15.選文第一自然段的作用是什么?(2分)

(五)花的風骨(12分)
趙麗宏
①說起花的風骨,人們都要說梅花。在江南,也處處有梅花。梅花開在嚴寒之時,使無花的冬天提前有了春意。少年時代,在上海郊區的一所寄宿中學念書,學校附近有一個小花園,花園里有一片小小的梅林。冬春之交時,梅花盛開,我和幾個同學經常相約去看梅花。這時,天氣已經不怎么冷,看不到冰雪,風中已有幾分濕潤的春意。記憶中那,片梅林是湖畔的一朵溫柔的紅云。它們并沒有使我聯想起什么傲雪斗霜的錚錚風骨,那一片紅云,只是春天來臨的象征。
②在江南,還有什么花像梅花那樣,也能預報春天的來臨昵?那大概總是有的。
③很多年前在崇明島上,我曾在一片荒涼的海灘上認識一種奇妙的小花,至今無法忘懷。那時,我在崇明島臨海的東端上參加圍墾。在海灘上用泥土壘起一條長堤,擋住海水,被長堤圈住的海灘便成了農田。人的奮斗,使大自然千萬年才形成的滄海桑田變成了幾個晝夜之間的事情。然而這些新圍出來的農田卻無法耕種,播下糧種,常常是顆粒無收。為什么?因為被圍墾的海灘是鹽堿地,不適宜種莊稼。連生命力極強的蘆葦在那里也無法生存。于是人們便在這些鹽堿地里放入淡水,水可以沖淡田里的鹽份,又可以養魚,一舉兩得。我被留在海邊守魚塘,度過了寂寞的一年。面對著荒蕪的鹽堿灘,難免聯想起那些艱難孤獨的人生,也難免顧影自憐。在大地的同一緯度上,只要春天一到,江南的大地上便花紅柳綠,生命繁衍得轟轟烈烈,而這里,光禿禿的土地上只有白森森的鹽花。寒冬尚未結束,但也已進入尾聲。
④有一天,我發現鹽堿灘上星星點點長出一些綠色的嫩芽。它們的葉瓣細小,卻翠碧清秀,令人欣喜。海灘上寒風呼嘯,這些翠綠的嫩芽似乎毫不在乎,迎著凜冽的風一點點伸展蔓延,沒有什么力量那阻止它們的成長。有時候,從海上卷來的風猛烈得能把樹連根拔起,能將屋頂整個掀掉,然而對這些貼地而生的綠草,它們顯得無可奈何。這些扎根在鹽堿地里,冒著嚴寒生長的植物,引起我極大的興趣。我看著它們一天天大起來,高起來,長成了一蓬蓬小灌木似的綠球。它們為荒涼的鹽堿灘鋪上了一層斑駁的綠地毯。
⑤當地的農民告訴我,這是一種只在鹽堿地上生長的野草,叫鹽堿草。初春時,寒意未消,大概就是梅花開放的時節,鹽堿草也開花了。這是一些淡紫色的小花,它們的蓓蕾小如米粒,乍開時并不顯眼,要留心看才能發現。可是,等到所有的蓓蕾一起怒放時,鹽堿灘上便出現了美妙的景象,只見一片片雪青的輕云,在風中飄搖。這時,風依然刺骨,鹽堿灘上白花花的鹽漬仍在,而籠罩大地的荒涼卻已經不復存在,是這些活潑動人的小花驅逐了荒涼。這些小花,還引來了成群的蜜蜂。蜜蜂歡叫著在花叢中飛舞的情景,使我感動,我在當時的日記中這樣感嘆:"世界上,有什么花比這些鹽堿花更堅強更美麗呢?若論堅強,它們不會輸給冰山上的雪蓮,也不亞于在肥沃的土地上報春的梅花。它們是有著獨特風骨的花。
⑥我曾經采下一束鹽堿花,養在一個杯子里。在一間簡陋的茅屋中,那束鹽堿花使我感受到了生命的無窮魅力,它們向我展現了江南萬花爭艷的春天。
⑦我想,只要春天如期降臨人間,花是不會滅絕的,即便是在最貧瘠的土地上。
16.文章開頭為什么從梅花寫起?(2分)

17.閱讀③-⑤段,結合文章內容簡要分析作者的思想感情發生了哪些變化?(4分)


18.作者為什么說鹽堿花是有著“獨特風骨”的花?(2分)

19.“只要春天如期降臨人間,花是不會滅絕的,即便是在最貧瘠的土地上。”聯系全文,說說你對這句話的理解。(4分)


六(10分)
20. 根據課文默寫。(10分)
① ,相伴過年華。
② ?歸思方悠哉。
③塞下秋來風景異, 。
④ ,欲上青天攬明月。
⑤抽刀斷水水更流, 。
⑥臨風一唳思何事? 。
⑦無絲竹之亂耳, 。
⑧ ,小橋流水人家,古道西風瘦馬。
⑨策之不以其道, , 。
三、綜合實踐(2分)
21.我校校報開設了一個新欄目——《青春的舞臺》,目的是搭建一個平臺,讓學生展示個性和才藝,假如你擔任該欄目的主編,請圍繞“青春”這一主題,為該欄目設計一段卷首語。要求:表現欄目創意,至少運用一種修辭手法。


四、作文(40分)
行走,是生命的姿態,是生命的歷程。生命,在行走中經歷風雨,在行走中健壯成長,在行走中感悟豐潤。行走在自然中,感受生命的蓬勃活力;行走在時光中,感受歲月的匆匆易逝;行走在人群中,感受情感的真摯與溫暖……行走中會有迷茫,有懈怠,有執著,有抗爭……每一種行走,都會在身后留下腳印,在心中留下欣慰。
請以“行走在初二”為題寫一篇記敘文。
要求:①中心明確,內容具體,有真情實感;③文中不得出現真實的校名、人名;④字數不得少于600字。
初二語文期中試卷答案
一、???積累與運用(14分)
1.A 2. C 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.A
?二、閱讀與賞析(共44分)
(一)(4分)
7.(1)交代了送別時的環境,渲染了凄涼的氛圍,烘托了人物悲涼的心情
(2)體現了友人別離后的孤寂,表達了作者對友人的依依不舍地深情。
(二)(10分)
8. (1)終了,完畢 (2)走近 (3)遺漏? (4)等到
9.C
10.略
11.數年之后,腹笥漸滿 務為泛濫
(三)(4分)
12.采用了列數字、作比較的說明方法;具體準確地說明了金屬玻璃堅固性強,柔韌性好的特點。(2分)
13.采用這種新方法能低成本、快速度地制造出無瑕疵的金屬玻璃零件。(2分)
(四)(4分)
⒕(2分)跌倒了也要笑。用自己的話回答意思對也可得分。
⒖(2分)引出論點,激發讀者閱讀興趣,充當事實論據證明中心論點(2分)。
(五)(12分)
16.(2分)因為人們都認為梅花開在嚴寒之時有風骨,引出作者對梅花的淡然態度(1分),為下文抒寫鹽堿花身上體現的獨特風骨作鋪墊(1分)。
17.(4分)①在海邊守魚塘,鹽堿灘一片荒蕪,感到寂寞,顧影自憐。②鹽堿灘長出嫩芽,感到欣喜,引起極大興趣。③鹽堿花怒放,引來蜜蜂飛舞,使作者感動,于是發出了人生的感嘆,贊美鹽堿花有獨特的風骨。(2分)
18.(2分)因為鹽堿花不僅能在寒冷之時開放(1分),而且能在荒蕪貧瘠的惡劣環境中堅強地生長,美麗地盛開(1分)。
19.(4分)不管生活環境多么惡劣,不管有多少艱難孤獨,只要心中永遠充滿希望(2分),生命就會煥發無限生機,人生就會展現無限精彩(2分)。意思對即可)
20.略
三、口語交際(2分)
21.這里有朝氣蓬勃的青春風采,這里有迎風搏浪的豪邁激情,這里有雄鷹展翅的宏偉志向。讓我們在這個青春舞臺上,盡情地張揚個性,施展才華,放飛夢想。

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